Sife'^il 


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M268d 
1916 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


Nervous  and  Mental  Disease  Monograph  Series  No.  22 


THE  DREAM  PROBLEM 


BY 

DR.  A.  E.  MAEDER 

OF  ZURICH 


AUTHORIZED  TRANSLATION   BY 

DRS.  FRANK  MEAD  HALLOCK  and 

SMITH  ELY  JELLIFFE 

of  New  York 


NEW  YORK 

THE  NERVOUS  AND  MENTAL  DISEASE 

PUBLISHING  COMPANY 

1916 


NERVOUS   AND  MENTAL  DISEASE 
MONOGRAPH   SERIES 

Edited  by 
Di8.  SMITH  ELT  JELLIFFE  and  WM.  A.  WHITE 

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By  Prof.  Sigmund  Freud. 

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New  York  Psychiatrical  Society. 

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Dr.  Otto  Rank, 

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Dr.  C.  G.  Jung. 

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Copyright,   19 16,  by 
ERVcrs  AND  Mental  Disease  Publishing  Company 


Press  of 

The  New  Era  printing  Company 

Lancaster.  Pa. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Introduction i 

Example  of  a  Dream  Analysis 6 

The  Analysis 1 1 

Signification  of  the  Manifest  Dream  Content i6 

The  Dream  in  its  Psychic  Environment 23 

Types  of  Dreams 29 

Tendencies  of  Vienna  and  Zurich  Schools  in  Psycho- 
analysis    » 36 


iX/ti^  (/jU    i^^'UM       V 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2007  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/dreamproblemOOmaediala 


THE  DREAM  PROBLEM 


INTRODUCTION 

The  reason  for  the  choice  of  this  theme  as  the  principal  sub- 
ject of  discussion  at  to-day's  meeting  is  a  publication  of  mine  on 
the  same  subject,  which  has  called  forth  opposition,  especially  in 
the  circle  of  our  Vienna  colleagues.  As  I  had  the  distinct  im- 
pression that  I  was  misunderstood,  I  gladly  seized  the  opportunity 
to  speak  on  the  question  to-day.  There  were  in  my  opinion  two 
principal  reasons  for  the  misunderstanding.  The  first  reason  is, 
presumably,  that  I  did  not  succeed  in  expressing  myself  clearly 
in  what  I  had  to  say  on  the  subject.  The  work  which  appeared 
a  year  ago  in  the  "Jahrbuch"  had  been  written  two  and  a  half 
years  ago,  at  a  time  when  the  problem  was  not  very  familiar  to 
me.  The  second  important  reason  for  my  being  misunderstood 
lies  in  the  fact  that  the  point  of  view  therein  given  discovers  a 
new  field  of  thought  in  psychoanalysis,  with  which  we  must  be- 
come acquainted.  This  new  field  is  not  an  individual  discovery, 
for  it  is  also  to  be  found  in  the  works  of  the  last  few  years,  espe- 
cially in  those  by  Jung,  Riklin,  Silberer  and,  in  some  respects, 
in  those  by  Adler  and  others.  I  consider  it  extremely  important 
for  us  all  that  we  should  have  opportunity  to  debate  together,  and 
publicly,  these  questions  that  so" greatly  occupy  us;  the  more  so 
as  I  have  the  conviction  that  no  real  or  necessary  differences 
exist  between  us,  for  what  we  of  the  Ziirich  school  have  accom- 
plished is  a  natural  outcome  of  what  Freud  gave  us.  The  new 
field  of  which  I  spoke  just  now  is  analogous  to  the  new  view 
which  opens  before  the  wanderer  when  he  reaches  a  turning  of 
his  road.     Before  I  touch  my  theme,  let  me  remark  that  the  ex- 

1 A  paper  read  at  the  Congress  of  the  Psychoanal3i;ical  Society  at 
Munich,  September,  1913.  Jahrbuch  fiir  Psychoanalyse  und  psycho- 
analytische  Forschungen,  1914. 


2  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

planations  I  give  to-day  are  not  an  official  presentation  of  the 
Zurich  point  of  view,  but  only  expressions  of  personal  conviction 
and  point  of  view.  Still,  they  are  suited,  I  hope,  to  show  existing 
differences  in  opinion. 

In  this  paper,  here  offered  for  discussion,  I  have  assumed 
two  chief  functions  of  the  dream:  the  cathartic  and  the  preparing 
function.  In  my  talk  to-day,  I  shall  confine  myself  to  the  second 
function,  as  the  most  important  and  the  most  disputed.  My 
erstwhile  formula  must  be  changed,  since  I  have  recognized  that 
the  functions  mentioned  hold  good,  not  only  for  the  dream,  but 
for  almost  all  products  of  unconscious  activity  (such  as  day  phan- 
tasies, works  of  art,  play,  visions,  etc.).  They  are  functions  of 
the  unconscious  itself,  which  in  these  phenomena  arrive  at  expres- 
sion. It  will  be  the  task  of  later  workers  to  furnish  the  reason 
for  the  connection  between  these  phenomena.  Furthermore,  you 
will  recall  that  Freud  has  seen  ahead  here  as  in  all  other  fields,  in 
that  he  has  put  on  record  the  axiom  that  neurotic  symptoms  must 
be  regarded  as  "  unsuccessful  attempts  at  cure."  Among  these  dif- 
ferent elaborations  of  the  unconscious  functions,  the  dream 
assumes  a  peculiar  place,  in  that  it  is  at  work  every  night.  It  is  a 
modest  servant  who  performs  his  task  in  silence.  It  seeks  for  a 
satisfying  formula  for  the  unconscious  condition,  and  strives  for 
its  expression.  This  dream  work  can  exercise  a  really  liberating 
action  which  betrays  a  close  relationship  to  work  of  art.  Various 
authors  have  already  drawn  attention  to  this.  Rank  among  others. 
But  in  the  formulae  to  date,  the  chief  stress  has  been  laid  upon 
the  cathartic  action,  on  the  unloading  of  the  emotion,  whilst,  in 
my  opinion,  the  overcoming  of  the  conflict,  the  real  freeing  by 
means  of  sublimation,  is  the  chief  function  of  the  work  of  art, 
Mensendieck,  to  whom  we  owe  valuable,  but  unfortunately  not 
yet  published  researches  in  this  field,  will  illuminate  this  problem 
for  you  in  detail  in  his  lecture  on  Wagner — "The  Prospective 
Tendency  of  the  Unconscious  in  Wagner's  first  Drama  and  in 
Parsifal."^ 

2  This  lecture  was  given  at  the  same  Congress  in  Munich- 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  3 

The  artist  seeks  in  his  work  the  solution  of  his  actual  conflict 
or,  rather,  he  realizes  in  it  the  solution  of  his  personal  life  prob- 
lem. There  is  at  stake  a  long  attempt,  which  stretches  over  all 
his  work,  and  in  which  only  the  fewest  succeed  even  approxi- 
mately. On  a  more  modest  scale,  and  in  quite  different  propor- 
tions the  dream  seeks  to  do  the  same  for  every  man.  A  work  of 
art  carries  out  a  social  function  in  that  it  serves  as  a  model,  by 
virtue  of  its  high  spiritual  elaboration,  whilst  the  dream  has  to 
content  itself  with  the  role  of  a  purely  individual  means  of  expres- 
sion, which,  nevertheless,  is  yet  a  very  important  role.  The  use 
made  of  dreams  in  the  ancient  religions  is  for  us  a  premonition 
of  the  connections  in  which  it  is  now  really  recognized. 

The  following  sentence,  taken  from  Horneffer's  work  "The 
Priest,"  will  clearly  illustrate  this  point :  "  The  sick  Greeks,  who 
made  pilgrimages  to  the  temple  of  yEsculapius,  in  order  to 
undergo  the  temple  sleep,  did  not  want  to  know  what  had  caused 
their  sickness,  but  hoped  to  come  in  contact  with  the  holy  ^Escu- 
lapias  in  the  dream  and  to  receive  from  him  directions  for  the 
treatment  to  be  followed  in  order  to  effect  a  cure." 

The  liberating  function  of  the  dream  is  here  expressed  as  a 
hint  from  God  in  the  so-called  mythical  phase  of  realization ;  the 
dream  itself  is  considered  by  me  as  a  part  of  the  curative  process. 
You  will  permit  me  to  remind  you  of  the  keen  saying  of  Hebbel 
on  this  same  point.  It  is:  "This  I  know;  such  dreams  one 
should  not  despise.  I  fancy  it  to  be  this  way:  when  man  lies 
asleep,  relaxed,  no  longer  held  together  by  self-consciousness,  a 
feeling  of  the  future  crowds  out  all  thoughts  and  pictures  of  the 
present,  and  those  things  which  are  to  come  glide  like  shadows 
through  the  soul,  preparing,  warning,  comforting.  This  is  why 
so  seldom,  or  not  at  all,  anything  really  surprises  us,  and  why  we 
have  long  and  confidently  hoped  for  the  good,  and  trembled 
involuntarily  before  every  evil." 

From  our  special  point  of  view  there  exist  two  categories  oi 
artists :  those  who  reflect  a  sort  of  mirrored  image  and  expression 


4  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

of  the  spirit  of  their  time,  and  another  more  valuable  class  who 
are  the  fighting  pioneers  and  liberators  of  mankind;  those  who 
truly  carry  the  prospective  function  of  mankind.  Works  of  art 
accordingly  aflfect  mankind  differently,  relieving  or  liberating  as 
has  been  said  before,  according  to  the  prevalence  of  prospective 
or  retrospective  fixation.  About  the  same  may  be  said  of  dreams 
and  their  effect  upon  the  individual;  but  the  differences  concern 
not  only  the  separate  persons,  but  also  phases  of  the  personal 
development  of  the  individual.  I  shall  demonstrate  this  asser- 
tion by  examples  later  on.  In  this  regard  a  man's  series  of 
dreams  prove  very  valuable,  as  they  represent  a  gradual  devel- 
opment of  the  current  ethical  conflict.  We  possess  such  a  series 
of  dreams  given  by  Rosegger,  which  will  be  considered  later  on, 
and  which  shows  clearly  the  value  of  a  consideration  of  the 
dream  problem  in  a  larger  connection.  To  Mensendieck  we  owe 
parallel  researches  into  a  series  of  works  of  art  by  the  same  poet 
(Hebbel,  Wagner,  etc.)  which  show  a  very  similar  result.  These 
writings  can  actually  be  regarded  as  disindividualized  and  ob- 
jectified milestones  in  the  course  of  their  author's  development. 
From  the  proposal  of  true  definitions  (to  be  explained  later) 
it  is  at  once  apparent  according  to  my  conception,  that  the  axiom 
of  the  dream  as  a  wish  fulfilment  is,  too  indefinite  and  espe- 
cially too  one-sided,  for  it  actually  fails  to  embrace  the  important 
teleological  side  of  the  unconscious  function.  I  regard  the  dream 
as  a  means  of  expression  of  the  unconscious,  as  a  true  language. 
This  dream  speech  is  a  "  translation  "  of  the  worked  up  material 
of  the  unconscious,  for  the  benefit  of  the  conscious.  By  virtue 
of  the  special  "permeability  of  the  psychic  diaphragm"  in  the 
sleeping  state,  this  messenger,  or  better,  this  interpreter  pene- 
trates from  the  unconscious  sphere  into  the  conscious.  This 
function  of  expression  must  be  defined  in  greater  detail.  Dreams 
give  autosymbolic  representations  of  the  actual  condition  of  the 
libido,  which  are  transmitted  to  the  consciousness.  The  latter, 
as  Freud  has  shown,  acts  merely  as  the  "  percepting  "  organ.    The 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  5 

« 

unconscious  strives  in  the  dream  for  adequate  expression,  I  said; 
thereby  a  relation  between  the  two  autonomous  psychic  appara- 
tuses is  established.  The  unconscious  utilizes  many  other  means 
of  expression  for  the  same  purpose :  play,  day  phantasies,  works 
of  art,  visions,  neurotic  symptoms,  failures.  Failure  of  accom- 
plishment reveals  rather  that  directly  represents  the  unconscious, 
like  the  dream,  which  owing  to  its  complicated  structure  possesses 
a  special  meaning.  The  relation  of  the  dream  to  the  work  of  art 
has  already  been  emphasized  and  this  idea,  by  the  way,  has  already 
been  formulated  repeatedly,  by  Rank  among  others.  I  think  the 
immediate  future  will  shed  more  light  on  just  this  point. 

We  owe  valuable  data  on  this  problem  to  those  artists  who 
have  expressed  themselves  on  the  technique  of  their  creations. 
C.  Spitteler's  contributions  give  us  a  very  valuable  affirmation  of 
the  close  relation  between  the  configuration  of  dreams  and  the 
production  of  works  of  art.  Dream  analyses  have  given  me 
repeatedly  the  impression  that  genuine  artistic  talents  lie  latent 
in  all  men,  of  which  only  little  reaches  manifestation.  Freud  has 
laid  down  the  axiom  that  the  dream  is  the  royal  road  which  leads 
into  the  unconscious.  The  previously  mentioned  definition  of 
the  dream  as  an  autosymbolic  representation  of  the  actual  con- 
dition of  the  libido  fits  very  well  with  this.  The  mechanism 
known  under  the  formula  "  mindfulness  of  the  presentable  "  and 
which  Bleuler  has  hesitated  to  accept,  is  therefore  entitled  to  very 
special  attention.  The  prevalence  of  visual  material  in  the  dream- 
structure  is  connected  with  the  representability  of  the  dream, 
therefore  also  with  the  expression-function  of  the  dream  in  the 
psychic  menage. 

After  these  introductory  remarks,  I  shall  now  go  on  to  my 
actual  task,  to  demonstrate  by  means  of  a  detailed  dream  analysis 
the  ideas  and  formulas  presented.  This  will  give  me  opportunity 
to  raise  several  other  points,  for  instance,  the  significance  of  the 
manifest  dream  content  for  the  interpretation  of  the  dream, 
the  relation  of  the  dream  to  its  psychic  environment,  also  the 


6  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

polyvalence  of  symbols  and  the  meaning  of  the  prospective  direc- 
tion in  the  analysis.  Also  by  means  of  a  dream  analysis  I  shall 
try  to  give  a  parallel  between  the  interpretation  of  Freud 
and  his  immediate  pupils,  as  distinct  from  our  own  school,  which 
will  give  occasion  for  a  defining  of  our  mutual  positions. 
I  begin  with  a  dream  analysis : 

Example  of  a  Dream  Analysis 
Report  Necessary  to  the  Analysis. — The  dreamer  is  a  youth 
of  i8;  he  comes  of  a  good  family,  of  old  stock  which  possesses, 
however,  numerous  neurotic  features.  He  grew  up  between  a 
father  who  was  severe  and  violent  in  his  demands,  but,  who  taken 
altogether  was  quite  lovable,  and  a  mother  who  is  gentle,  yielding, 
sensitive,  and  cultured.  As  a  boy  he  learned  to  avoid  his  father 
very  skilfully,  and  to  escape  from  the  responsibilities  of  life;  in 
the  latter  process  he  abused  a  natural  gift  for  winning  the  affec- 
tion of  others.  So  he  succeeded  in  being  his  own  master,  by 
allowing  his  own  desires  and  moods  and  interests  to  dominate  his 
life.  Gradually  tremendous  gaps  were  noticed  in  his  develop- 
ment. There  followed  a  chasing  from  one  school  to  another. 
After  some  years  the  youth  emerged  from  these  circumstances, 
quite  unimproved  and  extraordinarily  ignorant.  Psychoanalytic 
treatment  was  then  begun,  side  by  side  with  suitable  teaching  and 
education.  Gradually  the  youth  began  to  tackle  this  accumulated 
load  of  studies ;  after  two  years  he  was  able  to  do  a  good  piece 
of  work  in  proper  time.  The  dream  analyzed  later  belongs  to  a 
time  during  the  analysis  when  the  youth  had  overcome  the  worst 
difficulties  and  the  severest  conflicts.  In  the  patient's  own  writ- 
ten account  the  dream  runs  as  follows : 

"  /  was  with  M.  [sister  of  the  dreamer]  in  the  hall  of  a  swim- 
ming bath.  Only  one  gentleman  and  one  lady  were  swimming 
there.  I  wanted  to  swim  also  with  M.  But  as  the  hall  was  in  a 
wrecked  condition,  I  believed  that  no  one  was  officially  permitted 
to  swim  there.  We  succeeded,  after  some  difficulty,  in  getting 
into  the  water  which  was  at  first  very  cold,  I  believe,  but  after- 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  7 

wards  it  seemed  warm  to  me,  anyway,  I  was  not  at  all  cold  later. 
With  a  bicycle,  we  then  rode  further,  to  the  lake  {in  Ziirich], 
where  we  met  O.  and  a  man  on  horseback  in  a  green  uniform. 
He  rode  on  a  horse  that  had  a  beautiful  blue  coat.  Before  he 
came  to  the  bridge  he  dismounted  and  showed  the  left  foreleg  of 
the  blue  horse  to  a  boy,  who  suddenly  appeared.  Afterwards 
some  gentleman  spoke  to  us  about  Dr.  D.  and  spoke  of  a  check 
number  which  he  had  taken  by  mistake.  I  then  offered  to  take  it 
with  me  [to  the  doctor  who  lived  in  a  higher  part  of  the  town] 
but  he  said  he  had  already  arranged  something  with  his  sister." 
I  woke  up  many  times  in  between  and  was  rather  cross  at  not 
yet  having  dreamed  anything.  It  was  only  after  I  was  really 
awake  that  I  noticed  that  I  had  been  dreaming.  I  had  paper  and 
pencil  under  my  pillow. 

Associations. — ^According  to  the  dreamer,  the  scene  with  the 
blue  horse  is  the  center  of  interest  in  the  dream,  the  emotional 
interest  is  very  strong  here.  (It  is  necessary  to  remark  that  the 
horse  has  much  significance  for  the  dreamer  himself  and  for  his 
whole  environment.)  I  shall  first  take  the  boy's  associations  with 
the  blue  horse,  and  my  own  remarks  are  placed  between  brackets. 

The  blue  horse  is  the  color  of  the  ice  bird.  There  are  no 
such  horses.  Monkeys  have  that  color  at  the  buttocks  [he  laughs] 
or  in  their  faces.  It  was  not  beautiful !  [strong  affect]  Miss  von 
X.  loves  blue  above  all  other  colors  [see  below  who  is  Miss  von 
X.]  Blue  blood.  [The  dreamer  as  well  as  Miss  von  X.  is  of 
noble  lineage.]  Last  evening  we  had  a  discussion  on  co-educa- 
tion ;  it  was  related  how  girls  act  as  magnets  for  the  boys  in  an 
institute  where  the  sexes  are  mixed;  I  wished  to  dream  that 
night  [in  order  to  get  material  for  the  psychoanalysis].  Just  now 
I  suddenly  think  of  "  Harringa  "  or  "  Hanaschia,"  I  don't  know 
why.  Oh  yes,  "Harringa"  is  bound  in  blue  [He  refers  to  the 
celebrated  novel  by  Poppert  which  he  had  read  with  great  in- 
terest] but  that  is  a  different  blue.    The  other  name  was  not 


8  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

Harraschid,  but  Harun-al-Raschid,  now  I  know,  about  A.D.  800, 
a  splendid  name  isn't  it?  [the  dreamer  relates  the  contents  of 
the  novel  as  follows,  and  in  answer  to  a  question  which  I  put  to 
him  at  the  end  of  the  association  work:  The  hero  is  a  young 
student  who,  whilst  drunk,  goes  to  a  brothel  where  he  contracts 
a  venereal  disease  and  after  many  difficulties  commits  suicide  by 
drowning.  Harun-al-Raschid  is  the  favorite  hero  of  the 
dreamer's  mother.  He  was  an  important  Kaliph,  who  hved 
about  A.D.  800,  contemporary  with  Charlemagne.  The  youth 
shares  his  mother's  admiration — splendid  name!]  Now  I  think 
of  Y  [a  comrade] ,  who  refers  everything  to  the  sexual,  he  is  sup- 
posed to  have  a  sexual  disease.  I  was  so  pleased  with  the  dream. 
[He  seldom  dreams.]  Yesterday  I  masturbated  and  did  not  want 
to  tell  of  it." 

I  take  the  second  chain  of  associations  from  the  officer  in  the 
green  uniform — "  Mr.  von  X.  [father  of  Miss  von  X.]  in  his 
uniform,  he  is  in  excellent  circumstances,  like  a  king  in  his  king- 
dom, he  rules  supreme  and  drives  splendidly.  He  was  my  model 
for  a  long  time.  I  would  also  like  to  belong  to  a  [military]  regi- 
ment of  hunters — then  one  has  a  green  uniform.  Now  I  think 
of  the  green  meadow  where  I  took  an  air  bath ;  it  was  during  a 
walk  with  Miss  v.  X. ;  she  had  wished  to  see  me  so.  We  had  been 
permitted  to  go  on  a  trip  alone  for  one  day  and  a  half.  We 
managed  all  sorts  of  things.  We  slept  together  in  the  hotel ;  we 
had  a  bad  conscience;  we  feared  we  had  betrayed  ourselves.  I 
was  to  give  a  wrong  name,  L.  von  X.,  so  that  we  might  not  be 
taken  for  lovers  [the  lady  was  12  years  older  than  he ;  as  a  matter 
of  fact  there  was  a  liaison  between  them  for  some  time].  The 
conditions  at  the  hotel  were  unfavorable." 

The  third  series  of  associations  I  take  from  the  incident 
where  the  rider  points  to  the  left  fore  leg  of  the  horse.  It  is 
worthy  of  remark  that  the  youth  makes  a  mistake  here  and  says 
the  right  leg.  He  becomes  thoughtful  and  says,  finally,  "  No,  it 
is  the  left."    We  shall  learn  later  on  the  reason  for  this  mistake. 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  9 

"The  officer  lifts  the  horse's  leg  and  examines  it.  One  of  our 
own  horses  is  lame  just  now  in  the  left  fore  leg.  I  would  much 
like  to  be  at  home  just  now.  I  am  actually  homesick,  I  have  a 
longing  for  the  North,  but  I  have  to  stay  here  and  work.  I  don't 
like  the  teacher  S.,  one  makes  slow  progress  with  him.  I  have 
lately  been  lazy,  have  lost  much  time,  am  discontented.  I  lack 
strenuousness  just  now.  A  while  ago,  when  I  spoke  of  the  night 
in  the  hotel,  I  kept  back  something,  but  I  must  tell  it.  I  was 
particularly  excited  that  night.  Miss  von  X,  had  wished  me  to 
drink  white  wine,  which  I  never  do  as  a  rule,  but  I  did  it  in  the 
end.  I  wasn't  tipsy,  but  I  was  very  much  excited  [which  caused 
him  much  difficulty  at  that  time].  I  know  from  this  how  dan- 
gerous it  is  to  drink,  since  then  I  have  decided  to  give  up  drink. 
[Please  recall  the  contents  of  the  novel  by  Poppert — in  the  first 
series  of  associations].  I  still  remember  our  conversations  [with 
me]  on  the  alcohol  problem." 

The  following  series  is  derived  from  the  boy  who  appeared 
in  the  dream :  "  The  boy  is  Karl,  our  stable  boy.  He  likes  to 
drink,  he  is  a  sullen  fellow;  he  has  several  times  made  for  me 
with  the  long  whip  when  he  was  drunk.  Now  here  is  a  child- 
hood memory  which  I  think  I  have  never  told.  It  was  when  I 
was  a  little  fellow  in  my  bath.  I  was  sexually  excited;  mother 
was  there.  I  told  her  the  organ  was  so  queer  and  hard,  I  wanted 
her  to  look  at  it.  I  think  of  the  boy  again ;  once  he  threatened 
me  with  his  sword,  because  I  had  tattled  about  his  behavior.  He 
hit  me  with  the  flat  of  his  sword,  I  was  very  mad,  defended  my- 
self and  threw  a  big  flat  iron  on  his  feet;  there  was  also  a  very 
ugly  laundress  at  our  place.  [After  a  pause]  A  few  days  ago, 
during  lessons,  I  suddenly  felt  a  severe  pain  in  the  left  ear.  At 
once  I  had  the  idea,  the  teacher  is  going  to  give  me  a  box  on  the 
ear.  [But — nothing  was  the  matter,  the  lesson  was  quite  peace- 
ful, this  particular  master  had  never  punished  him.]  I  thought 
I  must  defend  myself."  [The  youth  here  motioned  with  his 
hand  to  one  side,  till  he  remembered  that  we  were  dealing  with 


10  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

an  entirely  intra-psychic  matter.  It  was  with  him  a  typical  ex- 
pression of  his  expectation  of  being  badly  treated  by  his  father ; 
an  expectation  that  is  especially  active  at  times  when  he  has  not 
done  his  duty.     See  the  third  series  of  associations.] 

Now  we  start  a  series  of  associations  with  Otto,  with  whom 
the  dreamer  has  a  conversation. 

"O.  related  the  other  day  having  been  with  three  students, 
that  they  had  been  drinking  and  had  kept  on  talking  from  9  P.  M. 
to  3  A.  M.  about  women.  One  of  them  had  spoken  on  the  sub- 
ject in  four  different  languages.  I  was  unpleasantly  surprised, 
as  I  had  thought  O.  to  be  very  abstemious.  He  told  what  diffi- 
culty Dr.  D.  had  with  his  dietetics  and  of  a  protest  made,  quite 
unjustifiably,  by  the  students  against  a  professor.  I  like  best  the 
German  spoken  by  the  Hannoverians.  I  don't  like  the  Swiss 
dialect.  The  new  bathing  master  told  me  at  once  that  I  must  be 
from  the  North,  he  noticed  it  in  my  speech.  That  pleased  me." 
[The  conflict  between  north  and  south  has  an  individual  psycho- 
logical meaning  for  our  young  man.  North  is  for  him  that  which 
is  the  correct,  controlled  element  in  himself,  which  he  values, 
while  south  is  for  him  the  meaner  element  of  letting  himself  go.] 

From  the  conversation  about  Dr.  D.  we  get  the  following  as- 
sociations : 

"The  opposition  Dr.  D.  has  met  with  in  the  town,  the  fight 
against  it.  I  again  think  of  the  students  and  their  protest.  It  is 
quite  remarkable  that  my  leg  has  quite  healed,  doctor.  I  was 
quite  surprised,  it  had  been  so  bad.  My  sister,  D.,  goes  on  the 
15th  to  a  woman  gynecologist.  I  have  lately  had  a  peculiar  feel- 
ing, something  that  cuts,  as  if  I  had  something  in  the  lung,  in  an 
important  place,  as  if  something  had  been  cut  off  in  my  chest,  as 
if  an  axe  were  cutting  inside  me  all  by  itself.  How  can  I  change 
it?  What  shall  I  do?  Now  it  is  done  differently,  but  how? 
How  shall  I  explain  the  wound?"  [  the  youth's  wound  is  on  the 
right  leg,  which  explains  the  previous  slip  of  the  tongue ;  he  iden- 
tifies himself  with  the  horse.    He  has  a  curious  wound  on  the 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  II 

back  of  the  foot,  which  always  appears  when  he  is  in  conflict, 
and  which  only  heals  at  the  times  when  he  is  psychically  well. 
The  magic  lies  in  this,  that  during  times  when  he  is  psychically 
ill,  he  keeps  this  foot,  whilst  at  work,  under  the  rung  of  the  chair 
on  which  he  is  seated ;  this  sets  up  a  persistent  mechanical  irrita- 
tion which  will  not  allow  the  wound  to  heal.  He  now  under- 
stands this  and  avoids  sitting  this  way.  But  as  he  has  not  yet 
found  the  right  outlet  for  his  libido,  he  must  continue  to  torture 
himself — symptom  of  the  gathering  libido — and  for  this  reason 
we  find  the  new  substitute  sensation  of  the  cutting  himself]. 

The  conversation  now  takes  up  the  check  number. 

"  It  is  the  check  number  one  receives  in  the  waiting  room  of 
Dr.  D.  The  other  day  a  gentleman  is  supposed  to  have  taken 
the  number  away  with  him  by  mistake.  People  are  provided 
with  numbers.  I  wonder  how  it  is  at  G.  ?  [A  school  to  which 
the  dreamer  is  to  go  after  he  is  cured.]  I  am  better,  but  if  I  have 
a  relapse,  shall  I  be  able  to  get  through  it  alone  ?  Something  still 
prevents  me  from  overcoming  the  thing.  Miss  K.  has  not  got  as 
far  as  I  thought;  she  is  still  too  hesitating.  Miss  S.  is  in  bad 
shape  these  days."     [Two  of  my  patients.] 

Now  we  shall  associate  the  phrase  "  I  offer  to  take  the  number 
back  to  Dr.  D." 

"Out  of  poHteness  [he  is  exceedingly  courteous,  partly  as  a 
covering],  it  represents  an  evil  number;  for  instance  my  con- 
duct during  the  affair  in  the  sleeping  compartment  of  the  train. 
[He  refers  to  his  indecision  during  a  homosexual  assault,  when 
he  yielded,  although  he  had  clearly  understood  the  situation,  and 
had  urged  himself  to  be  firm  this  time.]  R.  [a  school  comrade, 
also  homosexual,  a  bad  number]  Miss  v.  X.  I  am  angry  that  I 
still  think  of  her  and  dream  of  her  often." 

The  Analysis 
If  we  use  the  material,  thus  obtained,  for  interpretation,  we 
find,  in  the  first  place,  in  the  surface  layer,  on  the  objective  level 
(to  use  Jung's  excellent  expression)  the  following: 


12  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

The  blue  horse  is  the  beloved,  who  is  already  indicated  by 
the  first  ideas  that  came  in  the  association  (the  ice  bird  expresses 
her  northern  quality,  the  ape  her  sensuahty,  which  is  further  il- 
lustrated by  other  associations;  her  wish  for  the  air  bath  and 
especially  the  wish  for  drink  at  the  hotel).  The  horse  repre- 
sents more — the  girls  who  have  a  magnetic  effect,  the  mother, 
whose  sexual  significance  is  brought  out  by  the  scene  in  the  bath 
during  childhood. 

The  green  officer,  his  model,  is  the  dreamer  himself,  who 
rides  the  horse,  his  beloved,  with  whom  he  made  the  tour  (ride) 
that  time.  A  parallel  to  this  is  furnished  by  the  first  part  of  the 
dream :  the  forbidden  bathing  institute,  which  we  have  not  consid- 
ered here  as  being  altogether  too  long.  His  sister,  who  here  re- 
places the  beloved,  is  the  one  with  whom  he  carried  on  most  of 
his  childish  tricks  and  for  whom  he  has  a  strong  transference. 

The  officer  examines  the  horse  with  the  boy.  The  latter  is 
also  identified  with  the  dreamer,  naturally  as  his  meaner  ego,  the 
ignoble  and  unaristocratic  in  him  (the  south  German).  The 
youth  has  also  been  drinking  on  the  tour,  like  the  stable  boy  and 
the  student  in  the  story  of  Harringa.  On  this  occasion  the  drink- 
ing nearly  caused  a  misfortune  (the  already  mentioned  difficulty, 
the  strong  excitement).  This  identification  helps  us  to  under- 
stand why  in  the  chain  of  associations  about  the  stable  boy  there 
came  up  unexpectedly  the  memory  of  the  seduction  scene  with 
his  mother  when  he  was  in  the  bath.  By  the  choice  of  this 
symbol  the  dreamer  measures  his  own  value,  saying  "  I  am  also 
a  low  down  fellow." 

The  rider  and  the  boy  examine  the  injured  fore  leg  of  the 
horse.  One  has  been  riding  the  horse  too  hard.  [After-thought 
of  the  dreamer.]  The  leg,  as  phallic  symbol,  is  sufficiently  de- 
termined by  the  student  in  the  novel,  who  acquired  a  venereal 
disease  whilst  drunk,  and  also  by  the  sexually  diseased  comrade — 
Y.  In  the  same  association,  we  have  also  the  masturbation, 
against  which  our  dreamer  has  been  fighting  in  vain  for  some 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  I3 

time.  He  suffers  from  his  laxness,  for,  taking  him  all  in  all,  he 
loves  the  strenuous  and  controlled.  Latterly  it  has  happened  that 
during  masturbation  orgasm  has  not  occurred.  To  all  this  be- 
longs also  the  complex  concerning  the  wound  in  his  own  foot, 
which  will  not  heal  [a  pretty  parallel  to  the  wound  of  Amfortas 
in  " Parsifal"]  and  the  strange  sensation  of  cutting  his  own  flesh. 

Accordingly,  the  dreamer  is  also  identified  with  the  horse  (by 
means  of  the  injured  leg).  And  so  we  have  arrived  at  the  lower 
stratum,  or  what  Jung  calls  the  subjective-level.  The  horse  be- 
comes a  symbol  of  the  libido;  a  symbol  of  his  own  libido.  In 
this  stratum,  note  well,  all  symbols  refer  to  the  dreamer  himself, 
and  they  are  to  be  regarded  as  personifications  of  the  different 
tendencies  of  his  psyche.  What  on  the  objective  level  was 
designated  as  the  symbol  of  the  beloved,  becomes,  on  the  subjec- 
tive level,  a  symbol  of  that  libido  which  has  a  tendency  towards 
the  object  (the  tendency  is  symbolized  by  its  goal!). 

This  part  of  the  dream  tells  us  then:  L.  (the  dreamer)  has 
ridden  too  hard,  something  is  not  right  with  me,  and  must  be 
looked  into.  A  serious  complaint  (the  legs  of  the  horse,  the  vital 
organ  in  his  chest,  which  hurts  him).  That  is  to  say,  insight  is 
dawning  on  the  mind  of  the  dreamer.  After  external  separation 
from  the  beloved,  the  youth  remained  in  correspondence  with  her 
for  over  a  year,  therefore,  he  was  still  intensely  bound  up  in  her 
internally.  Because  of  the  analysis  he  feels  impelled  to  break 
with  her,  as  he  gradually  came  to  see — although  merely  intel- 
lectually— how  harmful  this  adventure  had  been  for  his  develop- 
ment (for  mentally  he  was  strikingly  backward).  Inwardly 
he  was  not  willing  at  the  time  to  break  with  her ;  but  he  hid  him- 
self and  his  opposition  behind  me,  the  scapegoat.  This  dream 
shows  us  a  further  step  in  the  youth's  development.  His  insight 
into  his  situation,  the  correct  valuation  of  his  adventure,  becomes 
at  the  time  of  the  dream  emotional,  not  merely  intellectual.  This 
insight  with  the  double  character  of  intelligence  and  affect,  is  very 
significant  and  forms  a  cardinal  point  in  the  cure  by  analysis; 


la  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

for  whoever  possesses  this  insight  is  really  acting  on  his  own 
principles  and  conviction  and  thereby  occupies  a  different  rela- 
tion towards  the  analyses  from  at  first.  The  physician  is  no 
longer  one  who  asserts  this  or  that ;  something  which  one  accepts 
or  rejects,  according  to  the  predominance  of  the  positive  or  nega- 
tive attitude,  but  he  has  become  a  leader  who  sees  and  points  out 
what  one  carries  in  oneself  and  only  recognizes  with  difficulty; 
the  physician  is  now  he  who  helps  one  to  know  oneself  better 
and  how  to  rule  oneself. 

The  insight  of  the  youth  does  not  tell  merely  that  he  is  sick 
in  his  inner  life,  it  says  more :  I  employ  my  libido  badly,  I  injure 
myself  by  using  up  so  much  libido  on  a  lower  level  (the  stable 
boy).  The  youth  is  at  good  times  an  extremity  bright,  nice, 
able  fellow.  This  side  of  him  suffers  from  the  other  side  of  his 
nature ;  he  longs  for  a  regulation  of  his  internal  conditions,  for  a 
liberation  of  his  soul.  On  the  day  after  his  dream,  he  told  that  a 
foreign  word  had  persecuted  him  for  some  days,  the  meaning  of 
which  had  quite  escaped  him — "chastete"  (chastity).  It  is  in 
fact  this  he  longs  for,  with  this  he  would  recover  the  peace  of  his 
conscience,  with  this  he  would  attain  the  valor  of  his  ancestors — 
he  who  had  for  years  muddled  through  one  school  after  another 
and  had  almost  been  given  up,  even  by  his  parents. 

In  our  own  speech  we  would  designate  this  longing  of  the 
youth  as  a  tendency  towards  the  domestication  of  his  libido. 

The  last  part  of  the  dream  which  deals  with  the  conversation 
about  the  doctor  and  the  number,  is  little  plastic  in  its  manifest 
content,  and  is  poor  also  in  its  latent  content.  The  reason,  I  con- 
sider, lies  herein,  that  an  entire  side  of  the  problem  of  the 
development  of  the  libido  in  the  youth  is  still  untouched,  he  is 
not  yet  capable  of  clearly  viewing  the  realization  of  the  insight 
he  has  won,  much  less  of  bringing  it  to  pass. 

Otto,  with  whom  he  is  conversing,  is  in  his  ambivalence  a 
clearly  recognizable  identification  of  the  youth  himself.     He  is. 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  1 5 

on  the  whole,  a  very  serious  youth,  already  a  student  who  stands 
up  against  his  colleagues  for  the  professor  (in  the  matter  of  the 
protest) ,  although  he  hstens  to  the  talk  about  women.  He  speaks 
of  Dr.  D.'s  difficulties,  his  fight  in  a  good  cause.  Fighting  is,  in 
fact,  the  formula  for  the  new  life  of  our  dreamer,  after  he  has 
followed  till  now  almost  exclusively  his  own  desires  and  inclina- 
tions. Dr.  D.  stands,  for  him,  in  the  place  of  duty,  demands, 
conscience;  he  also  calls  him,  occasionally,  his  conscience.  To 
him,  whom  he  has  so  long  feared  and  avoided,  he  will  take  back 
the  number,  which  sounds  decidedly  conciliatory.  Even  if  the 
motive  is  still,  perhaps,  actually  to  be  called  courtesy,  a  quite  pro- 
gressive tendency  is  hinted  at,  as  in  the  conversation  about 
abstinence  from  alcohol.  The  evil  number  should  be  given  up, 
renounce  evil.  Doubts  still  appear,  "Will  I  be  able  to  control 
myself  unaided  in  the  event  of  a  relapse?"  The  occurrence  of 
the  symbol  north  in  this  connection  strengthens  the  progressive 
tendency,  for  it  signifies  for  him  self  control  (contrast  between 
the  correct  north  German  and  the  less  self-controlled  Bavarian). 

This  imperfectly  coordinated  segment  is  for  me  a  symbolic 
expression  of  the  future  and  as  yet  insufficiently  elaborated 
material.  Of  this  I  see  a  confirmation  in  the  fact  that  the  prin- 
cipal stress  of  the  manifested  dream  is  laid  on  the  wonderfully 
beautiful  blue  color  of  the  horse,  by  which,  in  my  opinion,  is  ex- 
pressed how  strongly  the  dream  is  bound  up  in  the  enjoyment 
principle,  how  great  an  attraction  enjoyment  still  holds  for  him. 
This  picture  contains  a  valuation,  which  may  serve  as  a  standard 
for  the  dreamer's  attitude.  The  task  before  the  dreamer  is  the 
conquest  of  the  kingdom  in  which  the  reality  principle,  to  use 
Freud's  excellent  expression,  reigns.  We  have  already  stated 
that  this  is  a  point  of  cardinal  importance  in  the  analysis.  It  is 
the  lowest  point  reached  in  the  analysis,  and  which  also  indicates 
at  the  same  time  the  beginning  of  upward  progress. 

Quite  briefly,  I  shall  point  out  two  other  parts  of  the  dream 
analysis.    The  psychoanalyst  does  not  appear  merely  as  physi- 


l6  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

cian,  in  the  last  part ;  but  also  in  the  middle  portion  of  the  dream, 
namely,  hidden  behind  the  boy  and  probably  also  under  the  form 
of  the  officer.  These  two  conduct  the  examination.  The 
dreamer's  identification  with  the  boy,  points  to  the  negative  side 
of  the  transference  he  feels  towards  his  physician ;  the  physician 
takes  the  place  of  the  father  whom  the  dreamer  fears,  it  is  he  who 
exacts,  who  is  the  cause  of  the  break  with  the  youth's  beloved ; 
he  is  not  noble  (therefore  common),  not  a  north  German  (Swiss 
has  for  the  dreamer  the  same  significance  as  south  German). 
But  gradually  the  physician  has  become  to  the  youth  a  model  in 
some  points,  as  was  once  the  father  of  Miss  von  X.  in  some 
respects.  Thus  the  dreamer  identifies  the  two  models.  My  final 
remark  refers  to  the  first  part  of  the  dream,  which,  however,  I 
will  not  go  into  in  detail,  in  order  not  to  be  too  lengthy.  This 
part  of  the  dream  contains  essentially  a  pictured  representation 
of  the  childhood  and  early  youth  of  the  dreamer,  a  time  which 
was  crowded  with  all  sorts  of  tricks,  mostly  in  company  with  the 
sister  already  mentioned.  This  part  belongs  necessarily  to  the 
gaining  of  the  youth's  insight,  of  which  enough  has  been  said; 
it  completes  the  account  of  his  life.  I  must  add  that  the  youth 
was  advanced  considerably  through  this  analysis,  and  that  he 
attacked  the  further  solving  of  his  problem  with  great  earnestness. 

Significance  of  the  Manifest  Dream  Content 

The  analysis  here  presented  shows  that  I  attach  a  greater  im- 
portance to  the  manifest  dream  content  than  Freud  has  done  up 
to  this  time.  I  think  Jung  is  of  like  opinion,  but  I  have  never 
spoken  with  him  about  it  specially.  I  do  not  wish  to  place  myself 
in  opposition  to  Freud  in  this  matter,  but  would  regard  this  new 
point  of  view  as  a  broadening  out  of  the  present  interpretation. 
The  opposition  to  the  Freudian  attitude  takes  the  place  of  the 
teaching  of  the  official  psychologists,  whom,  for  want  of  a  better 
word,  I  shall  call  classical  psychologists,  and  who  recognize  no 
psychic  value  whatever  in  the  dream,  and  make  no  distinction 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  1 7 

between  the  manifest  and  latent  dream  content.  Freud,  on  his 
discovery  of  the  latent  dream  content,  was  obliged  to  lay  the  prin- 
cipal stress  on  this,  to  the  detriment  of  the  manifest  content. 
The  complementary  or  perfecting  idea  which  I  suggest  to-day,  is 
therefore  to  be  regarded  as  a  portion  of  the  excursion  described 
by  all  discoveries.  The  above  indicated  conception  of  the  mani- 
fest dream  content  will  in  due  time  induce  a  revision  and  an 
extension  of  the  idea  of  the  "  secondary  dream  work,"  which 
probably  at  present  is  stamped  too  deeply  with  the  teaching  about 
repression,  and  thus  in  my  opinion  places  the  manifest  dream- 
content  in  too  one-sided  a  light. 

From  the  example  given,  it  is  obvious  that  there  exists  a  close 
connection  between  the  latent  and  the  manifest  dream-content. 
This  seems  to  me  a  distinct  advantage  for  the  synthetic  concep- 
tion of  the  dream.  The  manifest  dream-content,  translated  by 
means  of  the  materials  of  the  latent  dream-content,  grants  us  in 
a  symbolical  manner,  a  picture  of  the  entire  situation,  or  a  course 
of  development  of  the  unconscious  processes,  the  activity  of  the 
libido. 

The  assumption,  made  in  the  present  dream  analysis,  that 
there  exists  a  direct  relation  between  the  plastic-figurative  or 
vaguely  outlined  manifest  dream-content,  and  the  clarified-mature 
or  confused  state  of  the  unconscious  conflict,  has  been  confirmed 
in  my  analyses  during  the  past  months,  so  that  I  am  inclined  to 
assume  that  in  the  manifest  dream-content  we  are  dealing  with 
intra-psychic  perceptions  and  pictures  of  the  unconscious  situa- 
tion (according  to  Freudian  terminology),  or  with  auto-symbolic 
phenomena  (according  to  Silberer).  I  would  like  to  submit 
these  points  to  my  colleagues  for  investigation.  The  question  of 
the  appearance  of  disagreeable  affects  in  dreams  takes  on  a 
different  aspect  in  my  further  interpretation  of  the  manifest 
dream-content,  from  what  it  possesses  when  we  accept  "  wish  ful- 
fillment" as  the  basic  dream  formula.  The  affect  is  usually 
entirely  adequate  to  the  actual  situation.    It  is  well  known  that 


l8  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

there  are  dreams  that  remain  impressed  upon  the  memory  par- 
ticularly clearly,  and  are  remembered  for  years.  I  have  been 
able  to  prove  repeatedly,  that  these  pregnant  dreams  are  the 
adequate  expression  of  a  clarified  psychic  situation.  This  prob- 
ably applies  also  to  many  so-called  "typical  dreams,"  to  recur- 
rent dreams,  and  perhaps  also  to  a  quite  different  group  of 
phenomena,  that  is,  to  certain  cover-memories  of  childhood. 
These  expressive  dreams  may  be  regarded  as  hieroglyphic  mile- 
stones in  the  course  of  development  of  the  personality,  which 
lead  the  individual  to  typical  life  adjustments  or  to  typical  reac- 
tions. 

This  insight  has  become  very  valuable  to  me  for  the  stages 
of  the  development  of  the  neurotic  conflict,  or  more  generally 
speaking,  for  the  development  of  the  personality  itself.  As  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  careful  examination  of  the  pictures  of  the 
manifest  dream-content  is  seen  to  yield  a  representation  of  the 
progress  of  this  development.  The  dream  of  the  blue  horse  will 
be  recalled,  where  the  youth  shows  the  insight  that  his  libido 
needs  attention,  as  its  functions  were  disturbed  by  previous  events 
in  his  life.  Some  weeks  before  this,  during  a  period  of  strong 
resistance,  the  patient  dreamed  of  people  who  were  swimming 
through  a  canal.  In  a  small  boat  stands  a  strong  man,  who  cap- 
tures the  swimmers  with  a  harpoon.  He  himself  (the  dreamer) 
looks  on,  but  feels  a  deep  indignation  and  hatred  for  the  cruel 
"fisherman." 

The  analysis  showed  that  the  fisherman  symbolized  the  Last 
Judgment,  a  problem  which  secretly  occupied  and  worried  the 
youth  at  that  time.  One  of  the  chief  associations  for  this  was 
Goethe's  poem  "  Prometheus,"  in  which  the  protest  against  God 
the  Father  is  idealized.  A  blind  and  helpless  hatred  against  fate 
is  evinced  in  this  dream.  The  patient's  insight  was  still  at  a 
primitive  phase,  where  all  evil  is  deemed  as  coming  from  outside, 
towards  which  one  is  powerless,  but  which  one  curses.  The 
reaction  is  not  directed  against  his  own  ^o  as  the  cause  of  the 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  I9 

evil.  The  recognition  of  having  failed  towards  himself  is  not  yet 
reached.  It  will  take  time  in  the  ripening  process  to  reach  the 
place  where  the  patient  will  understand  that  the  hatred  is  really 
directed  against  himself,  something  within  him,  the  archaic  libido 
(Jung's  excellent  expression)  must  die  and  be  offered  up,  re- 
nounced. When  he  succeeds  in  doing  this,  the  Last  Judgment 
will  have  lost  its  troublesome  character.  In  the  time  between  the 
two  dreams  related,  there  has  evidently  taken  place  a  tremendous 
inner  assimilation,  which  expressed  itself  outwardly  as  great 
progress  in  adjustment  to  realities. 

In  the  interval  he  had  a  dream  of  which,  as  before,  I  will 
give  only  a  few  data.  A  figure  appeared  in  this  dream  which, 
under  the  form  of  a  member  of  the  family,  represented  a  personi- 
fication of  the  dreamer's  evil  instincts,  and  his  tendency  to  self- 
indulgence  and  laziness.  During  a  journey  in  an  express  train, 
the  person  spoken  of  left  the  compartment  and  although  the 
train  did  not  stop  he  walked  towards  a  house,  climbed  to  the  top 
of  the  lightning  rod,  and  then  disappeared  into  the  air.  This 
was  all  the  renunciation  that  the  dreamer  was  capable  of  at  the 
time.  If  my  double  "  I,"  the  hostile  ego,  can  be  got  rid  of 
without  greatly  disturbing  me  (the  train  does  not  need  to  stop) 
I  am  quite  agreeable  to  this.  The  youth  desires  salvation  by 
means  of  a  sort  of  magic;  that  is,  he  does  not  himself  as  yet 
make  an  eifort.  The  dream  of  the  blue  horse  with  the  examina- 
tion of  the  foot  shows  more  earnestness,  a  deeper  insight,  but 
the  power  to  act  is  still  small. 

From  another  case  I  shall  take  another  series  of  parts  of 
dreams,  which  illustrates  the  progressive  evolution  of  the  trans- 
ference and  the  attitude  of  the  dreamer  to  the  sexual  question. 
(We  are  now  deaUng  with  a  girl  of  28  with  very  marked  sexual 
repressions.)  I  shall  content  myself  with  giving  quite  summary 
statements.  In  the  night  of  September  3/4  the  lady  dreams: 
"A  trunk  has  arrived;  my  sisters  A.  and  M.  unpack  it.  It  coiv- 
tains  a  snake;  M.  shows  me  how  I  can  cut  off  its  head  and  take 


20  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

out  its  brains,  as  in  a  fish,  but  I  recoil  in  horror."  September 
23/24  she  dreams:  "/  took  a  shoe  to  a  store  to  get  the  rubber 
heel  mended.  But  they  also  put  a  longish  piece  inside  the  sole, 
which  I  did  not  wish.  That  should  only  have  been  done  by  the 
shoemaker  who  m^de  the  shoes.  As  it  is  done,  however,  I  con- 
tent myself  and  pay  fifty  centimes."  October  11/12  she  dreams: 
"A  squirrel  is  running  in  the  wood.  At  last  I  succeed  in  catch- 
ing it.  Like  lightning,  there  comes  to  me  the  thought  that  it 
might  bite."  During  the  analysis  of  this  dream  I  learned  that 
this  lady  for  some  time  has  been  interested  in  soft  animals  espe- 
cially in  groundworms.  A  few  weeks  before  this  she  still  ex- 
pressed a  most  pronounced  disgust  of  these  creatures.  Another 
dream :  "  I  am  in  the  house  of  Professor  Y.  I  am  lying  in  bed 
and  he  examines  the  build  of  my  body,  declaring  that  I  am 
especially  well  adapted  to  the  bearing  of  children." 

I  need  hardly  mention  that  I  explain  these  dreams  only  as 
being  useful  in  the  development  of  the  lady's  feelings,  after  a 
penetrating  analysis.  So  that  we  are  not  dealing  here  with  in- 
terpretation according  to  a  knowledge  of  the  dream  content. 

I  place  great  importance  on  the  choice  of  the  pictures  and 
expressions  in  the  manifest  dream  content,  since  the  dream 
renders  an  autosymbolic  presentation  of  the  psychological  situa- 
tion of  the  unconscious.  An  energetic,  purposeful  and  well- 
adapted  conduct  in  the  dream,  points  to  a  mature  and  successful 
adjustment  of  the  dreamer^ towards  the  matter  in  hand.  For  in- 
stance in  a  dream,  there  occurred  the  violent  ejection  from  a 
church  of  a  talkative,  vain,  and  uncongenial  traveller,  whereby 
is  pictured  the  serious  efforts  of  the  dreamer  to  overcome  the 
characteristics  of  his  own  ego  as  caricatured  in  the  travelling 
man.  As  has  already  been  mentioned,  in  the  first  example,  the 
different  persons  in  the  dream  are  personified  tendencies  of  the 
dreamer  himself.  This  idea  is  not  new;  Freud  and  Rank 
formulated  it  long  ago.  But  I  may  be  allowed  to  generalize  it, 
and  would  like  to  add  something.    A  good  deal  depends,  in  the 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  21 

interpretation,  on  the  part  the  dreamer  himself  takes  in  the 
dream,  which  of  the  personifications  leads  in  the  action  (the 
Centaur  in  the  Prometheus  myth!)  for  this  gives  us  a  hint  in 
estimating  the  momentary  evolutional  phase. 

I  have  repeatedly  felt  great  admiration  for  the  cleverness 
shown  by  the  psyche,  even  of  the  average  individual,  in  the  pro- 
duction of  plastic,  fitting  pictures  for  the  actual  situation,  and  I 
value  the  composition  of  the  manifest  dream  content  more  highly 
than  does  Freud,  who,  in  my  opinion,  accentuates  the  censor 
function  in  a  one-sided  manner.  I  see  in  all  this  a  really  artistic 
work,  a  real  art  of  expression,  which  I  would  like  to  place  in 
some  relation  to  art  in  general.  The  dream  is  perhaps  the  primi- 
tive work  of  art. 

The  observation  of  the  last  months  leads  me  to  suppose  that 
the  dreams  which  are  specially  plastic  and  well  constructed  (in 
which  Freud  assumes  a  particularly  intense  secondary  dream 
work)  represent  a  clearly  grasped  and  intensely  felt  situation. 
They  are  often  significant,  occur  on  important  occasions  in  life, 
for  instance,  at  critical  junctures,  or  as  reactions  to  important 
events.  These  dreams  sometimes  repeat  themselves.  In  some 
cases  they  reach  an  extraordinary  degree  of  transparency,  so  that 
they  are  already  intuitively  understood  by  the  consciousness  of 
the  dreamer,  and  are  utilized  as  motives  for  conscious  actions.  I 
am  thinking  of  a  dream  which  presented  the  classical  motive  of 
Hercules  at  the  cross  roads  and  always  persecuted  this  lady  when- 
ever she  was  in  any  dangerous  position.  However,  this  lady  was 
remarkable  for  her  very  rich  and  valuable  premonitions  and  for 
her  fine  psychic  organization.' 

3  My  practice  brought  me  a  pretty  confirmation  of  this  last  sentence 
just  at  the  moment  of  my  last  revision  of  the  manuscript,  before 
going  to  print,  and  I  would  not  like  to  deprive  my  readers  of  it. 

A  lady,  who  for  the  last  four  days  has  been  imdergoing  psychoanalytic 
treatment  (it  is  rather  a  case  of  orientation  than  of  treatment),  told  me, 
spontaneously,  the  following  dream,  to  which  she  herself  attached  great 
importance.  (I  wish  to  emphasize  that  I  had  not  spoken  to  her  one 
word  about  the  value  and  meaning  of  dreams  in  psychic  treatment.)     "I 


22  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

Many  historical  dreams — I  am  thinking  for  instance  of  the 
dream  of  Caesar's  mother  before  his  birth, — belong  to  this  class. 
A  short  notice  of  certain  visions  of  definite  character  may  be  per- 
mitted here,  in  which,  supposedly,  a  still  more  intense  working 

am  with  an  aunt,  long  since  dead,  in  my  parents'  country  house.  I  am 
sitting  near  her;  another  relative  is  present.  She  says  to  me  in  her  ami- 
able, lively  and  always  decided  manner :  '  Get  up.  Go  to  Karl  [the  hus- 
band of  the  dreamer]  and  to  your  children.  But  put  on  your  pink  dress.' " 
The  lady  awoke  and  is  very  happy  over  her  dream.  Usually  she  pays 
no  attention  to  dreams  and  seldom  has  clear  or  plastic  dreams.  She  sees 
in  this  dream  a  clear  hint  of  the  path  she  should  pursue.  The  following 
is  the  lady's  psychic  situation:  She  is  40  years  old,  married,  mother  of 
three  children,  who  caused  her  much  trouble  lately  (difficulties  concerning 
their  education).  She  loves  her  husband,  respects  him  greatly,  but  does 
not  stand  in  close  rapport  with  him.  She  fears  him,  does  not  dare  to 
assert  herself.  He  has  a  remarkable  mentality  with  a  tendency  to  master- 
fulness. The  lady  had  a  very  sunny  childhood  and  youth,  grew  up  in  a 
large  family.  She  left  her  native  place  when  she  married.  Life,  since 
then,  has  brought  her  many  difficulties.  She  has  not  yet  adapted  herself 
to  her  new  environment,  she  longs  for  her  childhood's  home  or  for  death. 
She  has  passed  through  several  periods  of  depression,  suffers  from  certain 
phobias.  A  year  and  a  half  ago  she  heard  of  psychic  cures,  through  a 
relative  who  was  cured,  and  hoped,  without  talking  about  it,  to  undergo 
such  a  treatment  herself.  After  thinking  about  it  for  a  long  time  she  at 
last  succeeded  in  getting  away  for  a  few  days  in  order  to  ask  my  advice 
as  to  what  she  should  do.  She  has  a  deep  nature,  but  is  far  from  reaching 
the  degree  of  psychic  development  possible  to  her.  (She  is  already  40!) 
She  has  thought  much  about  her  situation.  Her  self-will  tells  her  she 
ought  to  secure  strength  from  the  visits  to  the  physician,  in  order  to 
assert  herself  against  her  husband,  but  she  also  feels  this  does  not  promise 
to  be  a  good  way. 

In  the  three  interviews  with  me,  which  preceded  the  dream,  I  was  able 
to  show  her  her  infantile  and  inadequate  adjustment  to  her  husband,  and 
the  relation  of  this  to  the  parent  constellation.  She  had  then  come  to 
understand  that  her  longing  for  death  was  a  symbolic  expression  of  her 
avoidance  of  her  life  problem — that  is,  to  be  a  mature  wife  and  a  loving 
and  decided  mother  of  her  children.  She  had  always  expected  from  her 
husband  the  same  exaggerated  recognition  which  all  her  family  had  given 
her  in  her  youth,  and  is  still  annoyed  that  her  husband's  way  is  different. 
The  day  after  our  third  interview  came  this  dream,  which  told  her  to  go 
to  her  husband  and  her  children  with  the  pink  dress  on.  This  dress  be- 
longs to  her  youth,  she  wore  it  on  festive  occasions.  Otherwise  she  sits 
at  home  with  tears  in  her  eyes,  now  she  is  to  put  on  the  pink  dress.  She 
is  not  to  go  against  her  husband,  but  she  is  to  stand  in  more  correct  rela- 
tions to  him  than  formerly;  not  in  the  infantile  attitude  of  constantly  ex- 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  23 

of  the  unconscious  material  has  taken  place,  so  that  the  meaning 
has  come  within  reach  of  the  consciousness.  The  celebrated 
visions  of  Benevenuto  Cellini  the  analysis  of  which  I  gave  at 
the  International  Congress  of  Psychotherapy  last  year  (and  which 
will  appear  in  my  book  on  the  "  Manner  of  Cure"),  also  belong 
here. 

The  same  is  true  of  many  visions  which  occur  in  the  course 
of  religious  conversion  and  in  the  "  Automatismes  teleologiques 
anti-suicides  "  of  Flournoy. 

The  Dream  in  Its  Psychic  Environment 

We  shall  now  go  back  to  the  consideration  of  the  dream,  and 
its  relation  to  the  psychic  situation;  what  is  known  in  biology  as 
the  question  of  environment.  Hitherto  the  dream  has  not  been 
sufficiently  investigated  clinically  and  has  been  regarded  too  much 
as  a  symptom  apart. 

A  thorough  investigation  from  this  point  of  view  should  bring 
a  harvest  of  valuable  material  for  the  solution  of  numerous  ques- 
tions.    For  example,   I   consider  the  clinical  behavior  of  the 

pecting  to  receive,  but  in  relation  of  being  herself  the  giver  (as  wife 
and  mother).  What  is  confronting  her  is  this  after  development.  The 
aunt,  we  learn,  was  a  prominent  educator;  the  head  of  a  large  school  and 
the  only  person  who  understood,  when  she  was  a  child,  how  to  tell  her 
what  was  disagreeable  to  her  (reproof)  in  such  a  way  that  the  self-willed 
girl  had  to  accept  it,  and  was  actually  grateful  to  her  aunt.  So  the  aunt 
is  a  personification  of  a  tendency  to  the  mother  image.  The  country 
house  spoken  of  is  the  birthplace  of  the  dreamer's  mother  and  at  the  same 
time  the  paradise  of  her  own  childhood  days.  The  dream  urges  her  to 
leave  this  paradise  (to  overcome  her  mother  transference),  to  go  into 
her  own  home.  Her  relation  to  the  physician  is  the  same  as  to  the  aunt 
who  was  mentioned  as  being  a  great  educator. 

To  one  who  understands  the  structure  of  the  dream,  this  appears  very 
transparent.  The  dream  signifies  the  first  decided  step  in  the  solution  of 
the  lady's  task  which  has  so  long  remained  unsolved.  It  is  not  merely 
the  first  step  in  a  new  direction,  but  the  link  in  a  long  chain  of  circum- 
stances, which  was  prepared  by  a  long  elaboration  entering  into  a  specially 
active  phase  through  the  conversations  with  the  relative  who  was  cured 
[also  a  patient  of  mine].  This  example  gives  another  illustration  of  the 
necessity,  emphasized  in  this  article,  of  considering  the  dream  in  its  broad 
relations.    This  question  will  be  treated  in  the  next  part  of  the  text. 


24  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

dreamer,  after  the  dream,  as  an  essential  contribution  to  the  solu- 
tion of  the  contested  question  of  the  actual  function  of  the  dream. 
The  mood  on  awakening,  and  all  next  day,  may  be  an  important 
indication  of  the  success  of  the  dream  work.  Hints  on  this 
point  I  have  already  given  in  the  analysis  of  the  dream  of  the 
blue  horse.  The  so-called  "nurse's  dream,"  which  will  be  an- 
alyzed in  the  second  part  of  this  part,  is  a  clear  negative  example 
of  unsuccessful  dream  work. 

I  shall  now  present  to  you  a  convincing  example  of  the  success 
of  a  dream,  which  I  take  from  the  third  edition  of  Freud's 
"  Traumdeutung."  On  page  317  a  number  of  Rosegger's  dreams 
are  discussed,  which  I  shall  quote :  "  There  is  a  class  of  dreams 
which  are  well  entitled  to  be  considered  *  hypocritical,'  and  which 
put  the  theory  of  wish-fulfilment  to  a  hard  test.  My  attention 
was  called  to  this  when  Mrs.  Dr.  M.  Hiferding  brought  for  dis- 
cussion to  the  Vienna  Psychoanalytical  Meeting  the  following 
dream  by  Rosegger.  Rosegger,  in  his  Waldheimat  (second  vol- 
ume) says  in  a  story  entitled  "  case  A,"  page  303,  "  I  usually  en- 
joy healthy  sleep  but  many  a  night  I  have  no  rest.  I  lead,  side 
by  side  with  my  life  as  student  and  litterateur,  the  shadow  life  of 
a  tailor's  apprentice.  This  I  have  dragged  with  me  through  long 
years,  Hke  a  ghost,  without  being  able  to  get  rid  of  it.  It  is  not 
true  that  in  the  daytime  my  thoughts  are  frequently  busy  with 
my  early  past.  From  a  Philistine  I  have  become  one  who  attacks 
heaven  and  earth  and  have  other  things  to  do.  The  happy  go- 
lucky  chap  could  hardly  have  thought  of  his  nightly  dreams ;  only 
later,  when  I  became  accustomed  to  think  things  out,  or  perhaps 
when  the  Pjjiilistine  in  me  asserted  himself  again,  it  struck  me  how 
strange  it  was  that  when  I  dreamed  at  all  I  was  always  the  tailor- 
apprentice,  and  as  such  had  been  working  a  long  time  without 
compensation  in  my  master's  workshop. 

"When  I  thus  sat  beside  him,  sewing  and  ironing,  I  knew 
very  well  that  I  really  did  not  belong  there  any  more ;  that  as  city 
dweller  I  had  other  things  to  do,  but  I  was  always  off  on  a  holi- 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  2$ 

day  taking  my  summer  vacation,  and  helping  out  at  my  master's. 
I  was  often  very  uncomfortable  and  regretted  the  loss  of  time  in 
which  I  would  have  known  well  how  to  employ  myself  better  and 
more  usefully.  Sometimes  I  had  to  endure  censure  from  the 
master  tailor,  if  something  had  not  turned  out  the  correct  cut  or 
measure  but  of  any  weekly  payments  there  was  never  even  men- 
tion. Often  when  I  sat  with  bent  back  in  the  dark  workshop,  I 
made  up  my  mind  to  give  my  master  notice  and  to  quit.  Once 
I  even  did  so,  but  the  master  took  no  notice  and  soon  I  was 
sitting  there  again,  sewing.  How  happy  I  was  to  wake  up  after 
such  tedious  hours,  and  then  I  resolved  that  if  this  insistent 
dream  should  come  again  to  throw  it  off  with  energy,  and  to 
call  out  aloud,  *  It  is  only  a  play — I  lie  in  bed  and  wish  to  sleep.* 
Yet  the  next  night  I  sat  again  in  the  tailor's  workshop.  So  it 
continued  for  years  with  uncanny  regularity.  Then  once,  when 
the  master  and  I  were  at  the  house  of  the  peasant,  where  I  en- 
tered upon  my  apprenticeship,  my  master  showed  himself  espe- 
cially dissatisfied  with  my  work.  '  I  would  like  to  know  where 
your  mind  goes  to,'  said  he,  looking  at  me  angrily.  I  thought 
the  most  sensible  thing  to  do  would  be  to  get  up  now  and  tell  the 
master  that  I  was  only  helping  him  from  kindness  and  then  go 
away.  But  I  did  not  do  it.  I  calmly  submitted  when  the  master 
took  an  apprentice  and  told  me  to  make  room  for  him  on  the 
bench.  I  wriggled  into  the  corner  and  sewed.  On  the  same  day 
another  lad  started  to  learn  the  trade,  and  behold,  it  was  the 
Bohemian  who  nineteen  years  ago  worked  for  us  and  who  at 
that  time  had  fallen  into  the  brook,  on  his  way  from  the  inn. 
When  he  wished  to  sit  down  there  was  no  room.  I  looked  ques- 
tioningly  at  the  master,  and  he  said  to  me :  *  You  have  no  talent 
for  tailoring,  you  can  go,  you  are  dismissed.'  I  was  so  fright- 
ened by  this  that  I  awoke.  The  dawn  was  entering  the  win- 
dows of  my  cozy  home.  Objects  of  art  surrounded  me.  In  my 
well  stocked  bookcase  eternal  Homer  was  awaiting  me,  gigantic 
Dante,  incomparable  Shakespeare,  glorious  Goethe,  the  splendid 


26  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

ones,  all  the  immortals.  From  the  next  room  sounded  the  clear, 
little  voices  of  the  awakening  children,  chattering  with  their 
mother.  I  felt  as  if  I  had  just  newly  recovered  this  idylically 
sweet  life  of  mine — ^peaceful,  poetic,  spiritualized,  in  which  so 
often  I  had  realized  human  happiness  to  the  uttermost.  Yet  I 
resented  it  that  I  had  not  anticipated  my  master's  dismissal  of 
me,  but  had  been  sent  off  by  him.  And  how  strange  it  is  that 
since  that  night,  when  my  master  dismissed  me,  I  enjoy  rest;  I 
dream  no  longer  of  my  tailoring  days  that  lie  in  the  distant  past, 
which  in  their  way  were  so  jolly  in  their  simplicity,  without  de- 
mands, and  yet  threw  this  long  shadow  on  the  later  years  of  my 
life." 

In  this  series  of  a  poet's  dreams  (who  in  his  younger  years 
had  once  been  a  tailor's  apprentice)  it  is  difficult  to  recognize 
the  wish  fulfilment.  All  he  enjoys  lies  in  his  waking  life,  whilst 
the  dream  seems  to  drag  along  the  ghostly  shadow  of  a  joyless 
existence  which  the  dreamer  at  last  overcame.  Some  dreams  of 
a  similar  kind  have  enabled  me  to  give  some  explanation  of  this 
sort  of  dream.  As  a  young  doctor  I  worked  for  a  long  time  in  a 
chemical  institute,  without  achieving  anything  much  in  the  arts 
there  to  be  acquired  and  therefore,  when  awake,  never  like  to 
think  of  this  unfruitful  and  rather  humiliating  episode  of  my 
student  days.  Yet  it  has  become  a  recurrent  dream  with  me, 
that  I  am  working  in  the  laboratory  and  making  analyses;  all 
sorts  of  things  happen  and  so  on — these  dreams  are  as  uncom- 
fortable as  dreams  of  examinations  and  never  very  clear.  In- 
terpreting one  of  these  dreams,  my  attention  was  finally  drawn 
to  the  word  "  analysis  "  and  this  gave  me  the  key  to  the  under- 
standing of  the  dream.  Since  then,  sure  enough,  I  have  become 
an  analyst,  I  make  analyses  that  receive  praise — that  is,  psycho- 
analyses !  I  understood  now  that  when  in  the  waking  life  I  am 
proud  of  analyses  of  this  sort,  and  would  like  to  boast  how  much 
success  I  have  had,  then,  by  night,  the  dream  holds  up  before 
me  those  other  unsuccessful  analyses  of  which  I  would  have  no 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  27 

reason  to  be  proud ;  these  are  punishment  dreams  of  the  upstart, 
like  that  of  the  tailor  apprentice  who  has  become  a  feted  poet. 

But  how  is  it  possible  for  this  sort  of  dream  to  place  itself 
in  the  conflict  between  the  pride  of  the  parvenu  and  the  self 
criticism  the  latter  uses,  and  to  take  for  its  contents  a  sensible 
warning  instead  of  an  unpermissible  wish  fulfilment?  I  have 
already  said  that  the  answer  to  this  question  causes  difficulties. 
We  may  assume  that  an  overbearing  ambition  forms  the  founda- 
tion of  the  dream.  But  in  place  of  ambition  the  repression 
and  humiliation  of  the  ambition  has  got  into  the  dream.  I  may 
remind  you  that  there  are  masochistic  tendencies  in  the  psychic 
life,  to  which  one  might  ascribe  such  an  inversion.  But  closer 
examination  of  some  of  these  dreams  gives  further  revela- 
tion. In  the  vague  side  issues  of  one  of  my  laboratory  dreams, 
I  was  just  at  the  phase  of  the  darkest  and  most  unsuccessful 
year  of  my  career  as  a  physician.  I  had  as  yet  no  standing,  and 
did  not  know  how  to  make  ends  meet ;  but  just  then  it  was  clear 
that  I  might  have  the  choice  of  several  women  whom  I  could 
have  married !  So  I  was  young  again  in  the  dream,  and  above 
all,  she  was  young  again,  the  wife  who  had  shared  with  me  all 
these  hard  years.  This  betrayed  the  unconscious  dream  agent 
as  being  one  of  the  insistent  gnawing  wishes  of  the  aging  man. 
The  fight  between  vanity  and  self  criticism,  waged  in  other  psychic 
layers,  had  decided  the  dream  content,  but  only  the  deeper  rooted 
wish  for  youth  had  made  it  possible  as  a  dream.  Often,  awake, 
we  say  to  ourselves  "  Everything  is  all  right  as  it  is  to-day,  and 
those  were  hard  times,  but  it  was  fine,  at  that  time ;  you  were  still 
young  then ! " 

According  to  the  suggested  interpretation  of  Freud,  the  mean- 
ing of  the  dream  would  be  about  this :  "  I  wish  I  were  still  young, 
as  I  was  in  the  days  when  I  was  a  tailor  apprentice."  When  I 
ask  myself  if  this  interpretation  explains  the  clinical  findings, 
namely  the  liberating  effect  of  the  last  dream  of  the  series,  I 
must  answer  no.     For  if  I,  in  dreams,  long  intensely  for  my 


28  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

youth,  I  fail  to  see  why  the  awakening  and  the  making  sure 
of  my  later  age  and  present  conditions,  makes  me  so  happy,  as  is 
actually  the  case.  A  second  question  suggests  itself :  Why  does 
only  the  last  dream  of  the  series  (when  the  tailor  dismisses  the 
youth)  act  in  such  a  manner  as  to  set  the  dreamer  free  and  to  set 
him  free  once  for  all? 

For  this  dream  I  make  the  following  suggestion :  By  his  own 
efforts  Rosegger  has  worked  himself  up  to  a  high  position  in 
life.  This  has  made  him  proud  and  vain,  two  qualities  which 
easily  disturb  mankind,  since  they  cause  a  man  to  suffer  in  the 
presence  of  superiors  and  place  him  in  a  parvenu  position  among 
the  lowly,  this  not  being  compatible  with  a  fine  sensibility.  The 
two  qualities  poison  the  psyche.  Deep  down  there  takes  place  in 
the  sensitive  poet  a  gradual  elaboration,  a  development  of  the 
moral  personality.  Rosegger's  ideal  conception  of  life  is  well 
known  and  justifies  my  supposition.  Accident,  in  the  last  few 
days,  has  placed  in  my  hands  a  private  correspondence  between 
the  poet  and  a  literary  friend,  which  treats  of  just  this  point — 
Rosegger's  pride  and  vanity — which  was  to  me  an  unexpected 
confirmation  of  the  solution  just  suggested.  The  long  series  of 
tormenting  dreams  shows  us  the  development  of  the  psychic 
process  which  ends  in  a  deep  but  effective  humiliation  of  the 
dreamer.  After  long  working  for  nothing  for  this  master,  he  is 
censured  unjustly;  a  drunkard  and  a  do-nothing  is  even  pre- 
ferred to  him,  and  finally  he  is  sent  away.  He  is  "  made  strange  " 
(dismissed).  This  being  sent  away  (being  dismissed)  sym- 
bolizes, in  my  opinion,  the  overcoming  of  the  pride  and  vanity  of 
the  upstart.  After  long  struggles  the  poet  is  set  free.  (We 
know  that  the  dreams  persecuted  him  for  years.)  Since  his  dis- 
missal, in  the  last  dream,  he  may  now  enjoy,  rightfully  but 
humbly,  what  he  has  won  by  his  own  exertions — he  has  won  for 
himself  the  moral  justification  to  do  so. 

Rosegger's  dream  is  then,  for  me,  an  autosymbolic  expression 
of  the  development  of  the  moral  personality  of  the  poet.    It  is 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  29 

well  adapted  to  demonstrate  clearly  the  teleological  side  of  psychic 
phenomena.  Freud's  interpretation  refers  to  a  justifiable  wish 
of  the  mature,  aging  man  "  to  be  young  again."  This  conception 
contains  only  the  regressive  side  of  the  phenomena,  for  such  a 
wish  is  a  regression.  But  dreams  also  contain  a  progressive  side, 
which  is  for  me  the  more  important  one.  We  want  something 
more  of  life  than  the  longing  for  the  past;  the  poet  wishes  to 
make  something  of  the  life  that  still  remains  to  him.  The  work 
of  his  unconscious  helps  him  in  this  and  expresses  his  progressive 
as  well  as  his  regressive  longings.  On  this  point  I  shall  speak 
more  freely  after  the  analysis  of  the  so-called  nurse's  dream. 

Types  of  Dreams 

This  part  of  my  paper,  which  deals  with  the  manifest  dream 
content,  I  shall  close  with  a  short,  sketchy  classification  of  dream 
categories.  You  remember  the  formula  that  the  dream  is  an 
autosymbolic  phenomenon.  Two  extreme  kinds  may  be  distin- 
guished— between  them  may  be  found  all  degrees  of  approxima- 
tions. Among  the  first  kind  we  may  recognize  in  the  dream  the 
representation  of  an  intensely  active  condition  of  the  psyche. 
The  action  is  lively  or  direct,  energetic;  or  the  words  uttered 
are  the  clear  expression  of  a  resolve,  etc.  This  quality  may  be 
made  use  of  in  the  prognosis,  be  it  in  the  sense  of  an  intensely 
progressive  achievement  or  of  an  active  resistance.  In  the  second 
kind  of  dream  the  static  factor  dominates.  Indifference,  indeci- 
sion, vagueness,  awkwardness,  doubt,  stagnation  or  fixation  re- 
veal themselves  already  in  the  manifest  dream  content.  Such 
dreams  are  apt  to  occur  during  times  of  lazy,  passive  resistance 
or  in  the  incubation  period.  Also  they  have  a  certain  prognostic 
meaning  for  the  contemporary  phase. 

I  ask  myself  if  there  may  not  be  a  third  category  of  dreams, 
to  which  another  new  element  strongly  contributes — the  prospec- 
tive outlook ;  dreams  which  are  not  so  much  an  actual  picture  of 
the  situation  but  rather  a  vision  of  the  future  striven  for,  and  po- 


30  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

tentiality  contained  in  the  individual.  I  must  avoid  being  mis- 
understood here;  of  course  we  are  here  deahng  only  with  a 
realization  of  a  latent  power,  without  taking  into  account  outside 
obstacles.  AVe  are  not  dealing  with  a  prophetic  vision  but  with  a 
foresight,  with  a  clew  to  the  direction  which  is  suited  to  the 
reaction  and  strength  of  the  patient  in  question.  In  the  course  of 
this  paper  I  shall  come  to  speak  of  a  certain  individual  reaction 
formula,  of  a  sort  of  constant  which  permits  of  the  establishment 
of  a  prognosis,  up  to  a  certain  point.  I  assume  this  to  be  the 
true  kernel  of  the  faith  in  prophetic  dreams.  Adler,  who  as  we 
know  has  given  a  definite  conception  of  the  psyche,  takes  a  simi- 
lar view,  and  he  has,  as  is  well  known,  given  a  conception  ol 
the  psyche  that  is  very  final  and  very  one-sided.  I  myself  have 
reasons  to  assume  that  certain  so-called  childhood  memories 
give  a  symbolic  outlook  on  later  important  experiences  in  life, 
this  taking  place  because  of  a  reaction  formula  already  developed 
in  the  child.  Two  childhood  memories  of  the  artist  Benvenuto 
Cellini  first  demonstrated  this  idea  to  me.  I  shall  discuss  this  in 
detail  in  my  book  already  announced,  the  "  Manner  of  Cure." 
This  contains  an  analysis  of  the  Florentine  artist.  I  shall  try  in 
the  analysis  of  the  Prometheus  myth  to  carry  this  idea  from  the 
life  of  the  individual  over  into  that  of  a  people.  Just  here  is 
an  opportunity  to  mention  that  Freud  in  his  beautiful  Leonardo 
analysis  has  already  formulated  this  same  idea,  although  his  con- 
ception is  different  from  mine. 

Prospective  dreams,  of  which  we  are  speaking,  do  not  appear 
arbitrarily  at  any  moment  in  life,  but  only  at  the  suitable  moment. 
In  two  papers  I  have  already  pointed  out  the  significance  of  the 
first  dream  in  the  treatment.*  Steckel  and  perhaps  others  of 
whom  I  cannot  think  just  now  have  also  done  this.  These  first 
dreams  frequently  (always)  belong  to  this  last  category.  This 
whole  field  is  still  open  to  research  as  all  else  of  which  I  have 
spoken  to-day.     A  fine  rich  work  is  still  open  before  all  of  us! 

*  Zentralblatt,  ist  year,  p.  348,  and  in  "  On  the  Function  of  the  Dream;' 
Jahrbuch,  Vol.  4. 


the  dream  problem  3 1 

On  the  Question  of  Symbolism  in  Dreams 
When  I  look  over  my  interpretation  of  symbols  during  the 
last  two  years,  it  is  clear  to  me  that  gradually,  and  at  first  quite 
unconsciously,  a  change  came  about  in  my  interpretations.  The 
content  of  the  symbol  is  no  longer  monovalent,  but  has  come  to 
be  of  wider  meaning.  The  sexual  interpretation  has  become, 
so  to  speak,  the  first  step,  in  some  respects  only  the  preliminary 
step,  and  the  significance  of  the  contemporary  situation  of  the 
dreamer  rather  has  been  drawn  into  the  matter  more  and  more. 
An  opportune  discussion  of  the  so-called  actual  conflict  in  neu- 
rosis by  Jung  (in  the  Psychoanalytic  Conference),  nearly  two 
years  ago,  confirmed  me  in  my  orientation  and  helped  me  in  this 
change  of  view.  On  the  actual  conflict  I  shall  still  say  some- 
thing in  this  paper  to-day.  I  will  now  enter  more  fully  into  the 
question  of  the  interpretation  of  symbols.  It  can  be  best  dem- 
onstrated by  means  of  an  example. 

In  the  third  edition  of  the  "Dream  Interpretation"  Freud 
gives  a  short  symbol  interpretation,  which  I  would  like  to  use  as  a 
starting  point.  This  is  the  dream  of  a  young  man  (p.  207)  :  "He 
is  in  a  deep  tunneled  passage,  in  which  there  is  a  window,  as 
in  the  Semmering  tunnel.  Through  this  he  sees,  at  first,  an 
empty  landscape,  and  then  he  composes  a  picture  into  it,  which 
is  there  immediately  and  fills  out  the  void.  The  view  is  now 
that  of  a  field  deeply  ploughed  up  by  an  instrument  and  the  fine 
air,  the  idea  of  the  work  so  well  done,  the  blue  black  clods  of 
earth,  make  a  pleasing  impression  on  the  dreamer.  Then  he  goes 
further  and  sees  a  book  on  pedagogics  open  before  him.  He  is 
surprised  that  in  it  so  much  attention  is  paid  to  the  child's  sexual 
feelings,  and  that  makes  him  think  of  me  [Freud] ."  The  inter- 
pretation given  is  that  this  is  a  phantasy  of  the  young  man  who 
takes  advantage  of  his  intra-uterine  opportunity  to  spy  upon  the 
coitus  between  his  parents.  The  associations  of  the  young  man 
are  not  given. 

It  is  not  difficult  for  us  to  recognize  the  tunnel  picture  as  an 


32  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

exteriorization  of  certain  parts  of  the  body,  i.  e.,  the  uterus  and 
the  vagina.  The  ploughing  of  the  field  is  a  well-known  coitus 
symbol.  This  dream  interpretation  is  evidently  built  on  the 
knowledge  of  these  two  symbols  but  gives  us  no  solution  for 
the  second  part  of  the  dream,  which  contains  the  open  book  on 
pedagogics. 

I  accept  this  interpretation  as  a  preliminary  step  of  the  inter- 
pretation itself.  In  his  "Transformations  and  Symbols  of  the 
Libido  "  Jung  has  called  our  attention  to  the  problem  of  re-birth. 
I  myself  became  better  acquainted  with  this  subject  summer 
before  last,  by  means  of  my  analysis  of  the  visions  of  the  Floren- 
tine B.  Cellini.  In  this  dream  here  there  seems  to  be  a  similar 
symbol,  for  as  soon  as  I  accept  this  hypothesis,  the  whole  dream, 
part  I  and  part  II,  becomes  entirely  clear.  "  The  young  man  is 
still  in  the  uterus  and  looks  out,"  would  be  the  meaning  of  the 
first  picture,  which  in  conscious  speech  might  be  thus  expressed : 
he  is  still  on  the  path  of  his  mental  regeneration  (development) 
— for  the  idea  of  re-birth  is  an  archaic  picture  for  mental  de- 
velopment, as  Dieterich  has  shown.  The  young  man  looks  out 
and  sees  a  field  being  ploughed  thoroughly.  The  field  is  not 
merely  a  sexual  symbol  but  is  also  a  symbol  of  the  field  of  ac- 
tivity, the  young  man's  own  life  task.  To  plough  the  field  Goes 
not  mean  merely  coitus,  but  "  to  do  his  work."  The  young  man 
sees  a  new  life,  full  of  work,  before  him  after  his  cure  is  com- 
pleted (birth).  The  emotional  element  of  the  dream  fits  very 
well  to  this.  By  this  process  of  thought  the  meaning  of  the  last 
part  of  the  dream  has  also  become  clear ;  the  dreamer's  new  field 
of  work  has  been  more  definitely  pointed  out ;  he  will  seek  occu- 
pation as  a  teacher,  out  of  love  for  his  analyst,  and  bearing  in 
mind  the  events  of  his  own  psychoanalysis.  To  guide  others  is 
to  guide  oneself. 

This  interpretation  gives  us  a  picture  of  activity  ascribed  to 
the  role  of  the  analyzer;  to  the  patient  himself  it  gives  an  orien- 
tation in  his  efforts  and  the  course  of  his  cure.     Of  what  use, 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  33 

pragmatically  considered,  would  be  to  him  the  interpretation  of 
the  dream  as  the  spying  on  the  sexual  intercourse  between  his 
parents?  Freud's  interpretation  I  regard  as  a  preliminary  step 
of  the  actual  interpretation.  It  is,  so  to  speak,  the  picturesque 
material  which  must  be  translated  into  the  intellectual, — it  gives 
the  "  whence  "  of  the  symbol,  but  not  the  "  whither."  To  put  it 
differently,  it  gives  the  retrospective,  but  not  the  prospective. 
Jung  once  expressed  this  idea  picturesquely,  when  he  said  "the 
unconscious  speaks  a  pidgin  English  which  must  be  translated 
into  the  language  of  cultured  men."  Adler's  saying  that  the 
sexual  speech  of  neurosis  is  a  "manner  of  speaking"  is  prob- 
ably to  be  taken  in  the  same  sense. 

This  two-sided  nature  of  the  symbol  I  explain  in  my  analyses 
as  follows :  The  searching  out  of  the  symbols  may  be  compared 
to  contemplating  a  tree  of  which  one  considers  the  subterranean 
parts,  the  roots,  and  the  upper  part,  the  trunk,  branches,  leaves, 
etc.  In  the  case  of  the  symbol,  the  sexually  symbolic  is  like  the 
root,  the  intellectual  content  of  the  symbol  is  like  the  trunk  and 
branches. 

You  will  permit  me  another  brief  example  as  illustration: 

rain  magic  and  fertility  magic  among  savage  peoples,  and  which 

are  preserved  even  to-day  in  some  customs  of  our  peasants  here, 

when  regarded  retrospectively  prove  themselves  to  be  entirely 

frank  coitus  symbols.     But  they  are  not  such  only — they  are 

more  than  this.     They  represent  a  frank  attempt  on  the  part  of 

primitive  man  to  represent  and  to  influence  a  process  of  nature, 

that  is,  fructification.     He  is  only  using,  because  of  his  distinctly 

anthropomorphic   tendency,   materials   from   a   procedure   well 

known  to  him,  in  order  to  gain  a  new  conception.     This  is  the 

outcome  of  prospective  reflection.     As  a  matter  of  fact,  we  may 

regard  the  concept  of  magic  as  the  mythical  stage  of  meteorology 

and  of  chemistry  as  applied  to  agriculture.     Thus  modestly  appear 

the  beginnings  of  our  distinguished  sciences." 

5  See  the  rich  ethnological  literature  for  clews  to  literature  and  as 
reference  book  W.  Wundt's  "  Folk  Psychology." 


34  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

It  was  my  original  intention  to  show,  by  means  of  Parsifal, 
how  the  Freudian  symbology  stops  short  on  its  way  to  the  right 
goal  of  its  task,  and  thereby  becomes  unfruitful,  but  I  must  re- 
serve this  intention  for  a  later  publication,  as  it  would  make 
this  paper  too  long,  and  I  shall  therefore  content  myself  with 
pointing  out  that  tracing  back  the  grail  and  the  lance  to  the  fem- 
inine and  masculine  genitals  gives  us  an  explanation  only  as  to 
the  original  source  of  these  symbols,  but  not  as  to  their  real  con- 
tent. A  recent  analysis  of  the  Prometheus  myth  gave  me  lately 
a  quite  analogous  experience;  that  is  to  say,  the  Freudian  myth 
analyses  really  contain  only  the  beginning  of  the  actual  analyses ; 
this  explains,  to  a  great  extent,  why  they  are  so  little  understood 
by  those  who  are  not  initiated.  These  analyses  are  like  the  de- 
cipherings of  the  alphabet  of  an  unknown  language,  but  they  do 
not  arrive  at  a  knowledge  of  the  words  themselves.  Proofs  of 
this  I  shall  give  shortly. 

In  the  interpretation  of  symbols  we  must  not  stop  short  at 
the  concrete  sexual  act ;  it  is  our  task  to  connect  the  prospective 
conception  with  the  retrospective.  Freud  himself,  as  I  gladly 
admit,  was  the  first  to  give  this  interpretation  by  correlating 
rescue  phantasies  of  the  neurotic  with  birth  dreams.  For  the  ulti- 
mate interpretation  of  the  rescue  phantasies  leads  directly  to 
the  motive  of  re-birth.  Putnam,  two  years  ago,  gave  a  discourse 
in  our  circle  which,  as  I  believe  and  regret,  was  little  under- 
stood. In  it  he  very  clearly  indicated  the  position  just  taken. 
The  last  sentence  of  his  address,  which  might  well  serve  as  a 
motto  for  this  part  of  my  paper,  was  this :  "  Rightly  we  boast  of 
having  thrown  light,  from  one  side,  on  the  significance  of  the 
church-steeple.  But  there  still  remains  to  us  the  more  important 
task  of  learning  to  understand  its  other  significance  with  equal 
precision." 

It  is  not  difficult  to  understand  why  some  change  in  our 
methods  has  become  necessary.  What  made  psychoanalysis  as  a 
method  so  fruitful  till  now  was  the  systematic  introduction  of 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  35 

genetic  thinking  into  psychology.  Research  is  directed  primarily 
towards  origins,  towards  the  past.  But  research  would  become 
paralyzed  if  it  remained  for  any  length  of  time  one-sidedly  retro- 
spective. A  new  field  of  work  is  now  before  us  and  awaits  our 
efforts.  The  prospective  road  leads  to  reality;  it  promises  us, 
therapeutically,  the  most  important  insight,  just  as  the  retro- 
spective road  once  meant  for  us  a  great  scientific  gain.  Biology, 
which  has  traced  the  phylogeny  of  the  under  jaw  of  man  back 
to  the  gill  arches  of  the  fish,  after  making  this  important  dis- 
covery returned  to  the  lower  jaw  of  man  in  order  to  examine  and 
better  understand  its  structure  and  function.  We,  ladies  and 
gentlemen,  are  in  a  similar  position  now,  and  must  clearly  admit 
it,  in  order  to  continue  our  work.  The  fine  American  lectures 
which  Jung  has  just  published,  are  a  clear  expression  of  this.'*' 

The  prospective  capacity,  which  after  the  numerous  experi- 
ences of  the  last  few  years,  we  may  ascribe  to  the  libido  (and 
here  the  merits  of  Jung  are  to  be  prominently  accentuated),  and 
from  which  we  assume  that  it  develops  a  lively  activity  in  the 
unconscious,  stands  in  close  relation  to  the  function  of  the  symbol. 
We  have  progressively  learned  to  interpret  the  symbolism  as  the 
mythical  organ  of  knowledge,  and  the  symbol  itself  as  expres- 
sion of  as  yet  vaguely  grasped  reality.  I  must  remind  you  of  the 
first  mythical  step  in  knowledge  by  Auguste  Comte,  and  the  im- 
portant contributions  of  H.  Silberer.  In  his  book  "  On  the 
Formation  of  Symbols,"  Silberer  presents  an  early  type  of  the 
symbol  which  he  defines  as  follows:  "The  first  type  of  the 
symbol  originates  when  the  idea,  unhindered  by  disturbing  con- 
current ideas  (concurrent  affect-accentuated  complexes),  is 
visualized  on  the  basis  of  this  apperceptive  insufficiency  as  an  idea 
which  has  arisen  on  an  intellectual  basis.' 

This  first  type  of  symbol  offers  a  theoretical  basis  for  my 

6'  Theory  of  Psychoanalysis,  Monograph  Series,  No.  19, 
8  Silberer's  orientation  is  closely  allied  to  ours  in  Ztirich,  aimough 
the  two  points  of  view  have  arisen  independently. 


36  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

conception — entirely  empiric — of  the  preparatory  and  preparing 
function  of  the  dream  (or  of  the  unconscious).  The  possible 
suitable  solution  of  the  conflicts  are  gropingly  searched  for  and 
expressed  by  the  symbol.  We  must  here  eliminate  entirely  the 
question  of  the  intuition,  which  plays  so  prominent  a  part  in  the 
philosophy  of  Bergson.  All  this  aspect  of  the  symbol  spreads 
beyond  the  confines  of  the  thus  far  accepted  "  censor,"  and  shows 
the  necessity  for  testing  and  broadening  our  conception  of  dream 
psychology. 

The  Tendencies  of  the  Vienna  and  Zurich  Schools  in 
Psychoanalysis 

Freud  has  given  me  occasion  to  suppose,  in  a  recent  publica- 
tion, that  I  must  have  expressed  myself  in  my  work  on  the  func- 
tion of  the  dream  so  as  to  be  misunderstood,'^  for  he  there  ascribes 
to  me  ideas  which,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  are  not  mine. 

In  this  publication,  to  be  found  in  Vol.  i  of  the  International 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Psychoanalyse,  1913,  there  is  a  dream,  in  the 
analysis  of  which,  among  other  things,  there  is  to  be  found  an 
indirect  confession  of  a  deed  done  the  day  before.  Freud  here 
shows  that  this  dream  has  a  deeper  meaning  than  only  the  com- 
paratively unimportant  confession  read  out  of  the  translation  of 
the  symbol.  "  So  it  is  proved  that  there  is  no  necessity  to  admit 
there  are  confession  dreams,  just  as  it  is  senseless  to  speak  of 
reflection  dreams  or  warning  dreams."  This  assumption  is  re- 
garded as  a  regression  to  the  preanalytic  period. 

I  consider  Freud  entirely  right  when  he  shows  that  such  a 
dream  is  not  yet  analyzed  if  the  confession  was  read  out  of  it 
and  when  he  speaks  of  the  regressive  point  of  view  of  such  an 
analyzer.  But  I  must  contradict  him  if  he  assumes  such  a  point 
of  view  to  be  mine.  I  am  glad  to  be  able  here  to  express  clearly 
that  this  is  an  entire  misunderstanding.  In  order  to  clear  up  the 
situation,  I  have  decided  to  interpret  this  dream  myself  according 

TJahrbuch,  Vol.  IV. 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  37 

to  the  material  at  our  disposal.  I  suppose  the  analysis,  which 
I  will  now  make  for  you,  would  be  the  same  if  made  by  some 
Zurich  colleague  of  mine.  Thus  it  will  be  possible  for  me  to 
contrast  the  two  interpretations  which  now  exist  in  the  psycho- 
analytic movement. 

I  must  begin  by  saying  that  the  particular  dream  is  that  of  a 
nurse,  and  was  analyzed  by  a  lady  patient  of  Freud's,  and  that 
Freud  himself  accepted  the  interpretation  and  carried  it  some- 
what deeper. 

A  lady  suffering  from  doubt  and  compulsion  neurosis  de- 
mands of  her  nurses  not  to  be  permitted  out  of  their  sight  one 
moment,  as  otherwise  she  begins  to  worry  about  what  forbidden 
thing  she  may  have  done  during  the  time  she  was  not  watched. 
One  evening  she  is  resting  on  the  couch ;  she  fancies  she  sees  that 
the  nurse  on  duty  has  dropped  asleep.  She  asks :  "  Did  you  see 
me  ?  "  The  nurse  starts  up  and  answers :  "  Yes,  certainly."  The 
patient  now  has  grounds  for  a  new  doubt  and  repeats  the  same 
question  after  an  interval.  The  nurse  again  asserts  she  was 
awake  and  at  that  moment  the  maid  brings  in  the  evening  meal. 
This  happens  on  a  Friday  evening.  Next  morning  the  nurse 
tells  a  dream  which  scatters  the  doubts  of  the  patient.  The 
nurse's  dream:  She  was  given  the  care  of  a  child  and  she  lost 
it.  On  the  way  she  asks  people  on  the  street  if  they  have  seen 
the  child.  Then  she  reaches  a  large  sheet  of  water  and  goes 
across  a  small  foot  path.  (Later  she  adds  that  on  this  path  the 
nurse  is  suddenly  before  her  like  a  mirage.)  Then  she  finds  her- 
self in  a  neighborhood  she  knows  well  and  there  meets  a  woman 
she  knew  as  a  girl,  and  who  at  that  time  was  a  saleswoman  in  a 
grocery  store,  but  later  she  married.  This  woman  is  standing 
before  the  door  and  the  dreamer  asks  her:  Have  you  seen  the 
child f  But  the  woman  is  not  interested  in  this  question  and  tells 
her  she  is  now  separated  from  her  husband,  adding  that  even  in 
marriage   there   is  not  always  happiness.    Then   the   dreamer 


38  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

awakes,  quieted,  and  thinks  the  child  will  probably  be  found  at 
some  neighbor's  house. 

I  must  put  aside  a  good  deal  of  material  and  direct  the  reader 
to  Freud's  previously  mentioned  publication.  I  content  myself 
with  repeating  the  interpretation  there  given  and  shall  then  give 
my  own. 

The  lady's  interpretation  of  the  dream  establishes  that  the 
nurse  is  disturbed  at  having  failed  in  the  fulfilment  of  her  duties 
and  is  afraid  of  being  dismissed  on  that  account.  Therefore  the 
dream  contains  a  sort  of  confession.  We  must  emphasize  that  in 
the  morning  the  nurse  tells  the  lady  the  dream,  and  added  that 
Friday  is  often  an  eventful  day  for  her.  (It  was  a  Friday  when 
the  incident  occurred.) 

This  interpretation  is  accepted  by  Freud,  but  he  broadens  and 
completes  it,  since  he  discovers  the  "deeper  meaning  of  the 
dream,"  the  dream- forming  wish  that  originates  in  the  uncon- 
scious. The  wish  appears  as  follows :  "  Very  well  I  did  close  my 
eyes  and  so  compromised  my  reliability  as  a  nurse;  now  I  shall 
lose  this  place.  Shall  I  be  as  stupid  as  X.  who  went  into  the 
water?  No,  I  won't  be  nurse  any  longer,  anyway,  I  mean  to 
marry,  be  a  wife,  have  a  child  of  my  own.  Nothing  shall  prevent 
this."  This  last  interpretation  is  not  actually  built  on  ideas  of 
the  dreamer,  but  as  Freud  says,  "  on  our  knowledge  of  dream 
symbolism."  (The  water,  the  whale  in  the  myth  of  Jonah,  the 
narrow  path.) 

In  the  interpretation  which  I  will  now  put  before  you,  I  shall, 
as  in  my  first  example,  distinguish  between  an  objective  and  a 
subjective  phase. 

The  child  who  has  been  lost  is,  of  course,  the  patient  entrusted 
to  the  nurse ;  the  dreamer  might  lose  her  place  and  thereby  come 
to  the  same  condition  as  X.  who  committed  suicide  (mirage). 
The  married  woman  who  is  asked  about  the  child  and  who  is  only 
interested  in  her  own  affairs  is,  first,  the  sick  lady,  who  bothers 
the  nurse  quite  a  little  with  her  neurosis.     It  is  evident  that  the 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  39 

nurse  has  a  typical  aunt-transference  to  this  lady,  in  which  there 
is  a  distinct  element  of  defiance.  (The  analyzing  lady  has  not 
recognized  herself  in  the  dream,  because  she  is  represented  in 
too  uncomplimentary  a  manner.)  The  qualification  of  the  sales- 
woman in  the  grocery  store  must  refer,  in  this  phase,  to  the  em- 
ployer from  whom  the  dreamer  receives  her  food.  Freud  draws 
attention  to  another  source,  which  is  certainly  correct — ^that  is, 
infantile  symbolism,  the  qualification  no  doubt  also  applies  to  the 
aunt,  and  also  to  the  mother  of  the  nurse.  But  the  married 
woman  without  doubt  is  also  the  aunt,  as  Freud  assures  us. 
(The  dreamer  knows  the  place  well ;  also  notice  the  circumstance 
that  she  ignores  the  nurse's  questions  about  the  child,  like  the 
aunt  who  was  greatly  opposed  to  a  former  suitor  of  the  nurse.) 
Therefore  we  get  this  meaning:  neither  my  employer  nor  my 
aunt  bother  much  about  me,  they  are  only  interested  in  their 
own  affairs.  The  circumstance  that  the  conversation  takes  place 
before  a  door  in  a  well-known  spot,  leads  me  to  suppose  that  this 
refers  to  the  mother  and  to  the  dreamer's  own  birth.  Therein 
we  find  an  accusation  against  the  mother,  and  also  an  excusing  of 
herself  from  the  fault  committed.  I  have  been  made  this  way, 
have  been  brought  up  so,  it  is  not  my  fault.  This  makes  compre- 
hensible the  last  sentence  of  the  dream,  the  child  will  probably  be 
found  at  some  neighbor's  house;  I  need  not  take  the  matter  so 
seriously. 

Now  we  will  take  the  dream  in  its  subjective  phase:  the  child 
entrusted  to  her,  and  which  she  lost  and  was  seeking  across  the 
sheet  of  water,  whence  she  met  the  mirage,  is  her  own  valuable 
personality,  still  a  child,  which  ought  to  grow  up  and  was  lost  as 
the  day  before  she  had  again  showed  herself  to  be  unreliable  in 
her  work  and  defiant,  irritable  towards  her  patient.  We  may  as- 
sume that  the  incident  of  the  day  before  the  dream  was  only  a 
repetition  of  innumerable  faults  which  were  reawakened  on  this 
day  of  misfortunes  (Friday).    The  nurse  finds  herself  before  a 


40  THE    DREAM    PROBLEM 

difficulty  typical  to  her  and  she  reacts  typically.  Witness  the 
aunt-mother  transference. 

The  lost  child  must  be  found,  the  submerged  moral  person- 
ality must  be  born  again,  and  she  actually  stands  near  a  great 
water,  to  which  belongs  the  thought  of  the  Jonah  myth.  The 
joke  of  wriggling  Jonah,  which  belongs  in  the  original  material, 
has  not  been  used  in  the  interpretation  given  us,  but  it  belongs 
here.  The  nurse  does  similarly,  she  wriggles  out  of  her  diffi- 
culty ;  she  does  not  take  the  matter  seriously ;  why  bother  herself  ? 
The  child  will  be  found  at  some  neighbor's  house.  I  can't  act 
differently,  I  have  not  been  taught  (accusation  of  aunt,  mother) . 
Rebirth  (alias  moral  development)  the  nurse  does  not  succeed 
in  obtaining;  she  is  content  with  some  superficial  consolation. 
Therefore,  we  don't  expect  to  find  any  liberation,  any  relief  from 
her  depression.  As  a  matter  of  fact  we  know  that  after  the 
dream  she  remains  defiant,  does  not  confess  her  fault,  is  irritable 
and  so  forth, — that  is,  she  remains  stuck  in  her  typical  pre- 
dicament. But  the  nurse  must  also  be  identical  with  the  former 
seller  of  foods,  for  we  expect  to  find  after  the  definition  of  the 
dream  which  I  have  to-day  set  forth,  that  on  sufficient  analysis 
all  figures  in  the  dream  will  resolve  themselves  as  personifica- 
tions of  tendencies  of  the  libido.  It  is  so  here  also,  since  the 
nurse  does  not  sufficiently  trouble  about  her  patient;  she  sleeps 
during  her  hours  on  duty ;  probably  she  dreams  a  good  deal  about 
her  own  affairs.  The  marriage  and  separation  of  the  woman  in 
the  dream  no  doubt  refer  to  her  own  unfortunate  love-affair,  as 
Freud  has  shown. 

This  dream,  then,  gives  us  a  pictured  representation  of  the 
nurse's  psychic  situation  at  the  time  of  the  occurrence  we  are 
reporting.  It  expresses  the  insufficient  attempts  of  the  dreamer 
to  develop  the  ethical  personality.  It  contains  references  to  a 
new  birth;  but  also  to  the  failure  of  the  same  and  at  last  the 
dreamer  assumes  the  attitude  of  resigned  indifference.  Accord- 
ing to  my  conception  this  is  not  merely  a  confession  dream, 


THE    DREAM    PROBLEM  4I 

although  Freud  ascribes  that  opinion  to  me.  The  dream  may  be 
recognized  indirectly  (in  that  it  is  told  to  the  lady)  and  also 
directly  (by  the  analysis)  as  a  confession.  But  in  the  psychic 
menage  of  the  dreamer  it  has  a  greater  significance  than  either  of 
these,  for  it  pictures  in  symbolic  speech,  a  typical  psychic  reac- 
tion of  the  dreamer  to  a  given  stimulus  from  the  outer  world. 
Its  meaning  goes  much  beyond  its  cause.  The  loss  of  the  place 
would  not  have  been  of  such  great  importance  to  the  nurse ;  such 
employment  is  easy  to  get.  It  deals  with  the  actual  conflict  of 
the  dreamer,  or  rather,  it  deals  unmistakably  with  her  actual  life- 
problem.  I  think  I  am  speaking  entirely  in  Jung's  meaning  of 
the  "  actual  conflict "  and  similarly  as  Riklin  has  done  in  an  ap- 
parently greatly  misunderstood  essay  in  the  Correspondenzblatt 
f.  Schweizer  Aerzte,  except  I  would  prefer  the  expression  "ac- 
tual expression  of  the  life-task"  to  "actual  conflict." 

I  would  be  greatly  pleased  if  the  contrasting  of  these  two  dif- 
ferent interpretations  of  the  same  dream  might  serve  to  bring 
about  a  better  understanding  of  my  conception,  all  the  more  as  I 
am  convinced  there  is  no  difference  of  principle  involved,  but 
only  a  broadening,  or  rather  a  deepening,  in  that  we  take  the 
question  from  its  strictly  sexual  into  the  general  psychological 
field. 

In  order  to  be  rightly  understood,  I  will  try  to  outline  my  atti- 
tude to  Freud's  interpretation.  The  nurse  fails  in  one  place, 
she  is  not  capable  of  adjustment,  her  libido  undergoes  retro- 
gression. Experience  teaches  us  that  in  this  situation  of  the 
libido,  sexual  excitement  easily  takes  place  (notice  the  onanism 
of  neurotics,  following  discomfitures  of  any  kind).  In  a  girl, 
the  wish  for  love,  marriage,  and  a  child,  which  is  justified  bio- 
logically as  well  as  psychologically,  can  fulfil  itself  in  phantasy. 
This  confirms  Freud's  interpretation.  If  I  ask  myself,  how  can 
it  be  possible  that  two  different  interpretations  of  the  same  dream 
may  be  correct,  there  comes  to  me  an  idea  that  I  have  long  har- 
bored, without  following  it  out  sufficiently  thoroughly  and  sys- 


42  THE   DREAM    PROBLEM 

tematically.  It  is  this :  The  wish  of  the  girl  for  love  and  a  child 
is  an  expression  of  the  pleasure-principle,  whilst  the  picture  of 
the  nurse's  faulty  adjustment  to  life  and  her  reaction  is  the  work 
of  the  reality  principle.  The  dream,  as  I  interpret  it,  describes 
the  faulty  adjustment  to  reality.  The  two  fundamental  prin- 
ciples of  psychic  happening,  as  formulated  by  Freud,  ought  to  be 
demonstrable  in  the  psychic  phenomena ;  therefore  in  the  dream 
as  well  as  elsewhere.  For  the  last  two  years  I  have  gradually 
received  the  impression  that  in  psychoanalysis  we  have  first 
learned  to  know  the  pleasure  principle  and  its  numerous  mani- 
festations, thanks  to  Freud ;  whereas,  the  reality  principle  as  the 
younger  child  has  been  somewhat  neglected,  and  that  its  further- 
ing is  essentially  the  work  of  the  Ziirich  school  with  Jung  at  its 
head.  The  following  from  Freud's  interpretation  seems  to  me 
a  confirmation  of  this.  "  The  wish,  *  I  want  a  child,'  seems  to  be 
more  adapted  to  help  the  nurse  over  the  unpleasant  situation  of 
the  reality."  It  looks  like  a  distinct  accentuation  of  the  pleasure 
principle  on  Freud's  part.  You  are  aware  that  the  principal  idea 
of  my  contested  article  on  the  "  Function  of  the  Dream,"  is  as 
follows :  "  In  the  dream  there  is  at  work  a  preparatory  arranging 
function  which  belongs  to  the  work  of  adjustment."  This  is  a 
clear  expression  of  the  emphasis  I  place  on  the  reality  principle. 
The  two  main  principles  here  mentioned  are  after  all  only 
an  expression  of  the  two  typical  forms  of  activity  of  the  libido, 
progressive  and  regressive.  They  are,  metaphorically  expressed, 
two  channels  at  the  disposal  of  the  libido  current.  The  important 
point  is  the  proper  distribution  of  the  same.  They  are  also  com- 
parable to  two  voices  which,  more  or  less  harmoniously,  sing 
the  song  of  life.  In  neurosis,  as  in  the  first  phase  of  cure  by 
analysis,  the  voice  of  regression  drowns  the  other;  this  can  be 
proved  in  numerous  dreams  which  are  to  be  found  in  literature ; 
I  have  therefore  avoided  giving  examples.  It  is  true  that  in 
all  these  dreams  traces  of  the  drowned  voice  of  progression  are 
demonstrable.     It  is  to  this  point,  it  seems  to  me,  that  the  analyst 


THE   DREAM    PROBLEM  43 

of  the  future  should  attach  the  most  importance,  for  we  are  first 
and  foremost  healers,  and  therefore  it  is  our  duty  to  point  out  to 
our  wandering  patients  the  light  that  shines  in  the  distance.  This 
gleam  of  light  is  to  serve  them  as  a  lighthouse  in  the  storms  of 
passion.  In  the  course  of  the  treatment  the  voice  of  progression 
will  gradually  become  louder,  until  it  finally  takes  the  dominant 
note.  The  connection  between  pleasure  and  displeasure  prin- 
ciple and  the  cathartic  function,  on  the  one  hand,  and  between 
the  reality  principle  and  the  preparatory  function  on  the  other 
can  here  be  merely  indicated.  An  outburst  of  anger,  to  avoid 
internal  tension,  the  striving  for  satisfaction  by  replacements, 
are  frank  unloadings  (cathartic  cleansings)  ;  the  weighing  and 
representing  of  the  solution  of  a  conflict  prepares  for  freedom 
and  leads  to  reality. 

I  am  at  the  end  of  my  presentation.  You  will  be  Justified  in 
remarking  that  I  have  not  tried  to  test  the  subject  from  all  sides ; 
I  have,  for  instance,  passed  over  the  dream  as  a  guardian  of  sleep, 
and  left  polemics  aside.  I  did  not  do  so  in  order  to  lighten  my 
task;  I  may  say  for  my  justification  that  I  primarily  desired  to 
handle  those  points  which  have  become  somewhat  clear  to  me,  I 
have  also  striven  to  bring  as  much  positive  material  as  might  be 
useful  for  the  discussion.  I  hope  that  the  gaps  I  have  been 
obliged  to  leave  may  be  filled  out  by  my  colleague  to  your  satis- 
faction. 


The 

Psychoanalytic 
Review 

H  3ournal  Devotet)  to  an 
llnt)er0tanMng  ot  ibuman  Conduct 

EDITED  AND.  PUBLISHED  BY 

WILLIAM  A.  WHITE,  M.D.,  and  SMITH  ELY  JELLIFFE,  M.D. 


CONTENTS 
Volume  in  April,  1916  Number  2 

ORIGINAL  ARTICLES 

The  Work  of  Alfred  Adler,  Considered  with  Especial  Reference  to  that  of 
Freed.     James  J.  Putnam 

Clinical  Cases  Exhibiting  Unconscious  Defense  Reactions. 

Francis  M.  SnocKLKy 
Technique  of  Psychoanalysis,     Smith  Ely  Jelliffe 

TRANSLATIONS 

Processes  of  Recovery  in  Schizophrenics.     H.  Bertschinger 

The  Significance  of  Psychoanalysis  for  the  Mental  Sciences. 

Otto  Rank  and  Hanns  Sachs 
ABSTRACTS.    Book  Reviews. 


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CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  II,  PSYCHOANALYTIC  REVIEW 

Original  Articles 

Page 
Some  General  Remarks  on  the  Principles  of  Pain-Pleasure  and  of  Reality.     Paul  Federn      i 

The  Unconscious.     W.  A.  White   12 

The  Theory  of  Psychoanalysis.     C.  G.  Jung  29 

A  Plea  for  a  Broader  Standpoint  in  Psychoanalysis.     M.  Solomon  52 

Technique  of  Psychoanalysis.     S.  E.  Jelliffe 73,  191,  286,  409 

Contributions  to  the  Psychopathology  of  Everyday  Life:  Their  Relation  to  Abnormal 

Mental  Phenomena.     R.  S.  Miller   121 

The  Integrative  Functions  of  the  Nervous  System  Applied  to  Some  Reactions  in  Human 

Behavior  and  their  Attending  Psychic  Functions.     E.  J.  Kempf 152 

A  Manic-Depressive  Episode  Representing  a  Frank  Wish-Realization  Contruction.    R.  Reed  166 

Psychoanalytic  Parallels.     W.  A.  White   177 

Psychoanalysis.     C.   G.  Jung    241 

The  Role  of  the  Sexual  Complex  in  Dementia  Precox.    J.  C.  Hassall 260 

Psycho-Genetics  of  Androcratic  Evolution.     T.  Schroeder  277 

Some  Studies  in  the  Psychopathology  of  Acute  Dissociation  of  the  Personality.    E.  J. 

Kempf    361 

Psychoanalysis.    A.  H.  Ring  390 

A  Philosophy  for  Psychoanalysts.    L.  E.  Emerson  422 

Critical  Digests 
Religion  and  Sex.    An  Account  of  the  Erotogenetic  Theory  of  Religion  as  Formulated 

by  Theodore  Schroeder.    J.  S.  Van  Teslaar 81 

Some  Freudian  Contributions  to  the  Paranoia  Problem.    C.  R.  Payne  93,  200 

Translations 

Wishf ulfillment  and  Symbolism  in  Fairy  Tales.     F.  Riklin  102,  203,  327 

The  Significance  of  Psychoanalysis  for  the  Mental  Sciences.      O.  Rank  and  H.  Sachs,  297,  428 

Abstracts 
Internationale  Zeitschrift  fiir  Aertzliche  Psychoanalyse. 

Vol.  I,  No.  5  :••. : 106 

Hate  and  Anal  Erotic  in  the  Compulsion  Neuroses.    E.  Jones. 

The    Symbol   and    the    Psychical    Conditions    of    its    Formation    in    Children. 

Beaurain. 
The  Ontogenesis  of  Symbols.     S.  Ferenczi. 
Some  Remarks  on  the  Doctrine  of  Tendencies.     L.  Jekels. 
The  Psychology  of  Child  Sexuality.    V.  Tausk. 

Vol.  I,  No.  6 228 

The  Disposition  to  Compulsion  Neurosis.    A  Contribution  to  the  Problem  of 

the  Choice  of  a  Neurosis.    S.  Freud. 
The  Psychopathology  of  a  Case  of  Phobia.    M.  Prince. 
Stuttering, — A  Psychoneurosis  and  its  Treatment  by  Psychoanalysis.     M,  D.  Eder. 

Vol.  H,  No.  I   346 

On  False  Recollection  ("deja  raconte")  during  Psychoanalysis.     S.  Freud. 
The  Attitude  of  the  Psychoanalytic  Therapeutist  to  the  Actual  Conflicts.    E. 

Jones. 
Some  Clinical  Observations  on  Paranoia  and  Paraphrenia.     (A  Contribution  to 

the  Psychology  of  "  System  Formation.")     S.  Ferenczi. 
Prof.  Dr.  Ernst  Diirr  and  his  Relation  to  Psychoanalysis.     O.  Pfister. 

Vol.  II,  No.  2   458 

Contributions  to  the  Analysis  of  Sadism  and  Masochism.     II.  The  Libidinous 

Sources  of  Masochism.     P.  Federn. 
On  the  Nosology  of  Male  Homosexuality  (Homoeroticism).    S.  Ferenczi. 
On  the  Constitutional  Basis  of  Locomotor  Anxiety.    K.  Abraham. 
Imago. 

Vol.  I,  No.  3   113 

Some  Similarities  in  the  Mental  Life  of  Primitive  and  Neurotic  People. — The 

Taboo  and  the  Ambivalence  of  Emotional  Excitations.     S.  Freud. 
Colored  Audition ;  An  Attempt  to  Explain  the  Phenomenon  on  the  Basis  of 

Psychoanalysis.    H.  v.  Hug-Hellmuth. 
The  Cause  of  Chromesthesias  Associated  with  Acoustic  Impressions  and  the 
Meaning  of  Other  Synesthesias.     O.  Pfister. 
i  Symbolic  Representation  of  the  Principles  of  Pleasure  and  Reality  in  (Edipus 

\  Myth.    S.  Ferenczi. 


Contents  of  Volume  II. — Continued 

Page 

Vol.  I,  No.  4  219 

Some  Similarities  in  the  Mental  Life  of  Primitive  and  Neurotic  People. — II. 

The  Taboo  and  the  Ambivalence  of  Emotional  Excitations.     S.  Freud. 
Amenhotep  IV  (Echnaton).     Notes  on  the  Psychoanalytic  Interpretation  of  his 

Personality  and  on  the  Monotheistic  Cult  of  Aton.     K.  Abraham. 
The  Meaning  of  Salt  in  Folklore.     E.  Jones. 
J.  P.  Jakobsen's  "  Niels  Lyhne  "  and  the  Problem  of  Bisexuality.    H.  Blueher. 

Vol.  I,  No.  5   341 

The  Influence  of  Sexual  Factors  on  the  Origin  and  Development  of  Language. 

H.  Sperber. 
The  Meaning  of  Salt  in  Folklore.    E.  Jones. 
The  Psychology  of  Travel.    A.  F.  v.  Winterstein. 
Psychoanalytic  Notes  on  Goethe's  Wahlverwandtschaften.    J.  Harmik. 
Philosophy  and  Psychoanalysis.     S.  Ferenczi. 
Reply  to  Dr.  Ferenczi.    J.  J.  Putnam. 
Zentralblatt  fiir  Psychoanalyse, 

Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  4-5   224 

The  Role  of  the  Unconscious  in  the  Neurosis.    A.  Adler. 
The  Terminations  of  Psychoanalytic  Treatments.     W.  Stekel. 
Changes  in  the  Freudian  School.     C.  Fortmuller. 
Concerning  the  Psychogenesis  of  Bronchial  Asthma.    M.  Wulff. 
Zentralblatt  fiir  Psychoanalyse  und  Psychotherapie. 

Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  6^7 226 

Psychoanalysis  and  Philosophy.    J.  Putnam. 

Analytic  Remarks  on  the  Painting  of  a  Schizophrenic.    H.  Rorschach. 

The  Condition  of  "  Being  Possessed "  in  the  Rural  Districts  of  Russia.    M. 

Lachtin. 
Terminations  of  Psychoanalytic  Treatments.    W.  Stekel. 

Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  &-9   465 

Our  Understanding  of  the  Mental  Connections  in  the  Neuroses  and  Freud's  and 

Adler's  Theories.     O.  Hinrichsen. 
Concerning  the  Fundamental  Characteristics  and  Aims  of  Present  Day  Ration- 
alistic Psychotherapy.     W.  M.  Lichnitzky. 
Content  and  Terminological  Justification  of  the  Term  Psychoanalysis.     F.  Gruner. 
Progress  of  Dream  Interpretation.     W.  Stekel. 

Vol.  Ill,  Nos.  lo-ii    465 

Concerning  the  Treatment  of  Stuttering.     E.  Froschels. 
A  Psychological  Contribution  to  the  Question  of  Alcoholism.    J.  Birstein. 
The  Question  of  Genesis  and  Therapy  of  Anxiety-Neurosis  by  Means  of  the 
Combined  Psychoanalytic  Method.     U.  A.  Wyrubow. 

Vol.  Ill,  No.  12  466 

Psychotherapy  and  the  Philosophy  of  Schopenhauer.    O.  Juuusburger. 
Dream  and  Dream  Interpretation.     A.  Adler. 
Disguises  of  Religiosity.    W.  Stekel. 

Miscellaneous  Abstracts 
Die  Ambivalenz,  von  Prof.  Dr.  E.  Bleuler  466 

Book  Reviews 

Psychoanalysis.    Its  Theories  and  Practical  Application,  by  A.  A.  Brill  118 

Love  and  the  Soul-Maker,  by  Mary  E.  Austin  233 

The  Skeleton  in  the  Closet,  by  Clarence  S.  Darrow  235 

Dreams  and  Mylhs,  by  Dr.  Karl  Abraham   236 

A  Text-Book  of  Insanity  and  Other  Mental  Diseases,  by  Charles  Arthur  Mercier 238 

The  Myth  of  the  Birth  of  the  Hero.     A  Psychological  Interpretation  of  Mythology, 

by  0.  Rank 354 

The  Origin  and  Nature  of  the  Emotions,  by  George  W.  Crile 355 

Psychology  and  Parenthood,  by  H.  Addington  Bruce  356 

The  Individual  Delinquent ;  A  Text-Book  of  Diagnosis  and  Prognosis  for  All  Concerned 

in  Understanding  Offenders,  by  William  Healy  469 

Ecce  Deus.    Studies  of  Primitive  Christianity,  by  William  Benjamin  Smith  472 

Sleep  and  Sleeplessness,  by  H.  Addington  Bruce  475 

Varia 

Ceremonial  Consummation,  by  Elsie  Clews  Parsons  358 

Sex  Values,  Extract  from  The  New  Machiavelli,  by  H.  G.  Wells  359 

Dreams,  Extract  from  Protagoras  the  Humanist,  Papyri  of  Philonous  360 

Marriage  and  the  Will  to  Power,  by  Elsie  Clews  Parsons  477 

One  of  Our  Conquerors :  A  Study  of  Repression,  by  V.  H.  Mottram  478 

The  Harlequin  of  Dreams,  by  Sidney  Lanier 480 


^be  Journal 


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Dr.  B.  SACHS  Dr.  F.  X.  DERCUM 

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See  Pages  XVIII— and  following 

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JOURNAL  OF  NERVOUS  AND  MENTAL  DISEASE 

JANUARY  NUMBER,  1916 
ORIGINAL    ARTICLES  Page 

Critical  Historical  Review  of  Reil's  Rhapsodieen.     By  William  A.  White  1 

The  Family  Form  of  Pseudo-sclerosis  and  Other  Conditions  Attributed  to  the  Len- 
ticular Nucleus.     By  William  G.  Spiller   23 

Speech  Conflict — A  Natural  Consequence  in  Cosmopolitan  Cities — As  an  Etiological 
Factor  in  Stuttering.  A  Preliminary  Report  Based  on  200  Cases.  By  May  Kirk 
Scripture  and   Otto   Glogau 37 

SOCIETY    PROCEEDINGS 

American   Neurological  Association , 47 

The  Development  and  Operation  of  the  Laws  for  Hospital  Observation  of  Cases  of 
Alleged  Mental  Disease  or  Defect  in  Massachusetts  (Stedman)  ;  Preliminary  Report 

•  on  the  Treatment  of  Paresis  by  Injections  of  Salvarsan  and  Definite  Doses  of  Neo- 
salvarsan  into  the  Lateral  Ventricle  (Hammond  and  Sharp)  ;  A  Case  of  Wilson's 
Disease — Progressive  Lenticular  Degeneration — with  Pathological  Findings  (Tilney 
and  Mackenzie)  ;  Histopathological  Findings  in  a  Case  of  Landry's  Paralysis ;  Dem- 
onstrated by  Lantern  Slides  and  Microphotographs  (Fisher)  ;  Observations  on 
Hereditary  Syphilis  Affecting  the  Nervous  System  (Camp)  ;  Circumscribed  Puru- 
lent Meningitis  Limited  to  Frontal  Lobe;  Due  to  Sinusitis  (Leopold)  ;  Meningitis 
Sympathica  (Strauss)  ;  A  Case  of  Central  and  Peripheral  Neurofibromatosis  (von 
Recklinghausen's  Disease)  (Bassoe  and  Nuzum)  ;  A  Frequency  List  of  Mental 
Symptoms  found  in  17,000  Institutional  Psychopathic  Subjects  (Danvers  State  Hos- 
pital, Massachusetts)   (Southard). 

Philadelphia  Neurological  Society   57 

Cerebellar  Diplegia  (Cadwalader)  ;  Arterio-sclerosis  with  Symptoms  Resembling 
Pseudo-bulbar  Palsy  of  Gradual  Onset  (Price)  ;  Famihal  Myoclonus  (Rhein)  ; 
Multiple  Sarcoma  of  Brain  (Rhein)  ;  Regeneration  of  Peripheral  Nerves  (Green- 
man)  ;  The  Psychology  of  Stammering  (Makuen). 

TRANSLATIONS 

Vegetative  Neurology:  The  Anatomy,  Physiology,  Pharmodynamics  and  Pathology  of 

the  Sympathetic  and  Autonomic  Systems.     By  Heinrich  Higier  73 

The  Dream  Problem.     By  Dr.  A.  E.  Maeder  81 

PERISCOPE 

Jahrbiicher  fiir  Psychiatric  und  Neurologie.  (Vol.  34,  parts  i  and  2.)  Study  of  the 
Histories  of  German  Brain-Pathology ;  Korsakow's  Psychosis  in  Japan ;  Daily  Variations 
in  the  Electrical  Conductivity  of  the  Human  Body;  Involution  Phenomenon  in  Cases 
with  the  Clinical  Picture  of  Brain  Tumor ;  The  Influence  of  Political  Events  in  Mental 
Disorders ;  Dystrophy  Adiposus-genitalis  in  Chronic  Hydrocephalus  and  in  Epilepsy ; 
Changes  in  the  Official  Diagnosis  Plan  for  Insane  Institutions  (92). 

Review  of  Neurology  and  Psychiatry.  (Vol.  XII,  No.  7.)  A  Case  of  Amaurotic 
Family  Idiocy;  The  Action  of  Adrenalin  and  Epinine  on  the  Pupil  in  Epilepsy  (93). 

Archiv  fiir  Psychiatric  und  Nervenkrankheiten.  (Band  52,  Heft  i.)  Recent  Syphilis 
Investigation  and  Neuropathology;  A  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  Aphasia,  with 
Special  Reference  to  Amnesic  Aphasia ;  The  Distribution  of  Fiber  Degeneration  in 
Amyotrophic  Lateral  Sclerosis,  with  Special  Reference  to  Changes  in  the  Cerebrum ; 
Clinical  and  Anatomical  Contribution  to  the  Study  of  the  Occlusion  of  the  Posterior 
Inferior  Cerebellar  Artery;  Heredity  in  the  Psychoses  (94).  (Heft  2.)  Contributions 
to  the  Pathological,  Anatomical  and  Clinical  Study  of  Cerebral  Hemorrhagic  Pachy- 
meningitis ;  Heredity  in  the  Psychoses ;  The  Failure  of  the  Corneal  Reflex  in  Organic 
Nervous  Disease ;  Family  Cortical  Spasm ;  Pathological  Anatomy  and  Pathogenesis  of 
Granular  Ependymitis  (95).  (Heft  3.)  A  Retrospect  in  Connection  with  the  Twenty- 
fifth  Jubilee  of  Prof.  Dr.  Emil  Sioli  as  Director  of  the  Frankfurt  Insane  Hospital; 
The  Cerebrum  of  the  Rabbit ;  Psychoneuroses  in  Heart  Disease ;  The  Anti-Social  Actions 
of  Epileptic  Children;  The  Use  of  Pyrogenetic  Methods  in  Psychiatry;  A  Contribution 
to  Operative  Treatment  of  Epilepsy ;  A  Contribution  to  the  Mistaken  Diagnosis  of 
Hysteria ;  On  Supernumerary  Phalanges ;  Dementia  Paralytica  Among  the  Jews ;  A 
Case  of  Motor  Apraxia ;  Association  Experiments  in  Young  Epileptics ;  A  Contribution 
to  Our  Knowledge  of  Mental  Disturbances  in  Eclampsia;  Clinical  Diagnosis  and  Patho- 
logical Findings  in  General  Paralysis ;  The  Significance  of  Lowy's  Phenomenon  in  the 
Diagnosis  of  Cerebral  Arteriosclerosis;  Psychic  Disturbances  During  Labor  (96). 

BOOK    REVIEWS 

The  Ethical  Implications  of  Bergson's  Philosophy  (100).  Psychology,  General  and  Applied 
(loi).  Mental  Medicine  and  Nursing  (102).  Progressivism — and  After  (103).  Syrian 
Anatomy,  Pathology,  and  Therapeutics;  or.  The  Book  of  Medicines  (104). 


